Observation Methods Used For Identifying Children s...

- There are various types of observation methods in which it is used to identify children’s individual needs. The written narrative method is an easy method in which the practitioner that is observing to write what is seen which means what the child is doing. It is very hard or the practitioner to record and act which means that a small amount of information will be recorded. The vocabulary of the observer would be very poor and the writing maybe unreadable which would affect others using those observation notes. This type of observation is used as a starting point for the future observations. This can be used for any area of development. It is important to know if you are observing only or observing and as well as looking after the child. For this method, only a pen and notepad is required to note down what the child is doing. Some may need a break after writing for a long time and fast but as they take a break, they may miss something important and have not noted it down. T herefore the disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to write everything down and also record what the child is doing for a long period of time. The method of target child is a method that is used to focus on one particular type of play. This type of method needs to be planned beforehand as it would be easier to observe. The observer would only be focusing on one child because focusing on too many children may not give accurate information and it would be too much work on the observer. ItShow MoreRelatedGender Differences and Behavior in Schools1401 Words   |  6 PagesWhat â€Å"area† have you chosen as the focus for your level 6 research project, why do you think this is worthy of research? My level six research project will be looking into behaviour in schools; this will also carry an element of individual and, correspondingly, gender differences. 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Chapter Notes So Tell Me About Yourself - 866 Words

Chapter 4 â€Å"I thought that we’d end up meeting in the club again – I didn’t honestly think that you’d contact me.† said Lorenzo, with a cute smile on his face, revealing dimples on his pale cheeks. â€Å"Do you think this low of yourself?† she teased. â€Å"Not at all – you can call me Enzo by the way,† â€Å"Why would I do that?† â€Å"Because people who get to know me – call me Enzo,† â€Å"But I know nothing about you,† â€Å"Yet – but I don’t know anything about your either. â€Å"Well, you’ll get to know me pretty soon, I’m not that hard to know,† â€Å"So tell me about yourself,† â€Å"You first,† she said, smilingly. â€Å"Well, I’m a businessman as I told you, my father was a businessman, and his father was a businessman too – so I have a pretty solid background. I wanted to be†¦show more content†¦Lorenzo took her for a long drive. He asked her a few times about where she would like to stop to have dinner, and she was content in eating anywhere, but he wanted to take her to some place special, where she had never been, but unfortunately; she had been to every place in New York. So he kept driving, asking her where to stop, but replied with a smile, as if implying that she didn’t want him to stop. She wanted him to drive as swiftly and fearlessly – the way she used to drive. It was a good way to assess men, whether they were sensible in life or reckless – their driving used to convey each and everything. Time was passing quickly. Lorenzo took his eyes off the road to look at Cassy. She looked beautiful, in her designer dress. The diamond necklace that she was wearing seemed quite expensive. He didn’t know much about her, but he was sure of one thing that she wasn’t short on money. He drove for a while without saying a word, at the other hand; Cassy wanted him to say something to take her mind off of things that she was thinking about. She was thinking about Ty; no matter how hard she endeavored to forget him, but he was lurking somewhere in her consciousness, ready to attack her mentally when she was most vulnerable. Whenever

Project Management Company Free Essays

string(91) " manager supplies resources but otherwise allows the team to function almost autonomously\." 1.0Introduction. Management Consultancies are a relative easy to initiate business to set up since they are knowledge based and do not require expensive tools and specialist equipment. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forming such a company requires only a base, normal office equipment such as laptops, printers, telephones, and internet routers, and competent employees to apply their knowledge to the particular business niche. However, just because it is relatively easy to form any kind of management consultancy – while appreciating that there is a cost involved with setting up any company – it does not simply follow that because a person can, they should. Creating a company takes time, drive, and of course, finance, and should only be considered by those who are ready to do so. There are three signs that someone is ready to set up any kind of management consultancy: They have the essential background, experience, and qualifications in their field, and can consider themselves an expert. They have developed a rich network of peers, like-minded individuals, and potential clients who they can call upon to help the business grow. They have a stable financial background and have at least some knowledge of business management. With those elements in place, if a person has the will, they are likely to be able to launch and run a successful company, but there are still plenty to think about, and that is where a mentor is invaluable. 2.0 Different types of organizational structure. In setting up a new business, one of the most fundamental decisions is what kind of business it will be. There are a number of different options available, ranging from sole proprietorship, through a partnership, and onto a small corporation or even a limited company (Gov. UK, 2015). 2.1 Sole Trader. This is the easiest type of company to set up and run, and allows easy accounting and tax interpretation, but can be seen as less professional than some other business types.The sole trader business gives the owner full control over business decisions and are easy to set up and run. They also give the owner full control of the profits but they are not a separate business entity, divided from the owner, and the owner is liable for any debts or liability actions mounted against the company. 2.2 Partnership. A partnership is also a popular business structure among smaller companies and form when two or more individuals decide to share a business and become co-owners. A partnership is owned in the same way as a sole trader company, but the liability is spread over the two or more people who form the partnership. 2.3 Limited Company. This form of business greatly increases a company’s credibility and makes it the kind of professional entity that other business’s look to work with. The main issue with a limited company is the very formal procedures that are used to form and control them, and the need for a professional accountant to help keep on top of what can be complex spend and investment. Because a limited company is detached from those who own and run it, there is only a limited liability should it go wrong. 2.4 Recommendation for a Project Management Company. Because of its professional connotations and ability to attract investment, it is suggested that the new project management company starts as a limited company, with Charles as the sole shareholder. 3.0 Management Overview. 3.1 Definition of modern management. Management is fundamentally a people-orientated venture that is used to organise a team, and accomplish aims for that team and a wider company in general (Robbins and Judge 2014). However, over recent years, there has been focus on what Deming (1993) identified as the seven deadly diseases. These are: Lack of constancy of purpose Emphasis on short-term profits Evaluation by performance, merit rating, or annual review of performance Mobility of management Running a company on visible figures alone Neglecting long-range planning Relying on quality inspection rather than improving product quality Deming countered all of these by identifying a system that countered all of these failures by devising what has become known as Total Quality Management, with the intention of helping the management of better products or services, creating product uniformity, improving product testing and, ultimately, greater sales (Stoner et al, 2003). Following the reimaging of management in light of Deming’s intervention, focus has shifted from the simple organisation of people to a process of producing and maintaining an environment that allows the efficient accomplishment of predetermined and selected aims. These are achieved by managers using what have been identified as the four functions of management: Planning: Identifying the steps needed to achieve a predetermined goal. Organising: Bringing together all the resources needed to achieve the planned goals. Leading: Motivating those on the team to achieve the set goals. Controlling: Ensuring that team members stay on track through open and honest reporting from and to the team. Achieving these goals means that managers must be adept at organisation skills and have the trust of both their own team and senior management. The goal of all managers is to deliver their assigned tasks on time and to an agreed budget, while ensuring that their team members are fulfilled and with due consideration to quality of product or service. Furthermore, a good manager will enact their assigned tasks using the minimum of resources, thereby maximising profitability for the company while satisfying the customer. 3.2 Leadership Styles. The effectiveness of a manager depends greatly on their style and how they interact with their team (Adeniyi, 2007). The three fundamental leadership styles are identified as: Autocratic leader. This manager type tends to instruct the team on what needs to be achieved without consultation, and expects the team to deliver as required. Democratic Leader. This manager seeks the input of the team, and discusses the way forward with them, making joint decisions as they arise. Laissez-faire Leader. The opposite of the autocratic leader, the Laissez-faire manager supplies resources but otherwise allows the team to function almost autonomously. You read "Project Management Company" in category "Essay examples" Due to the flexible yet well-defined nature of project management, it is suggested that Charles adopt a democratic leadership style with his sub-managers, since they will have customer-set goals and only really require resources and to feedback. 4.0 Organisational Culture. Organisational culture has been likened to the personality of the business, and the overriding feature that defines how a company works and its interactions with suppliers, employees, and customers (Alversson, 2013). There are several types of organisational culture (Drafke Murtaugh, 2009), of which the main ones are: Clan culture. These are family like and tend to focus on mentoring, nurturing, and creating a workforce that feels comfortable and works well together. Power Culture. Key to this is firm control by a few high ranking members, and tends to be found in either smaller companies or discrete sections of larger companies, since it would be difficult to run a large company with such a culture. Key elements mean that decisions can be made quickly making the culture highly reactive. Adhocracy culture. Sometimes referred to as forward looking cultures, these tend to be entrepreneurial and dynamic, and promote an air of risk taking and innovation. Companies with this culture tend to pride themselves on being market leaders and attempt to do something new ahead of possible competitors and the market in general. Role Culture. This type focusses on assigning individuals specific roles with a certain job description and does not allow much scope to step out of that role. They tend to be rigid and are renowned for being very task-focused. Cultures such as this are found in companies that specialise in high technology or businesses where roles are determined by knowledge, making it difficult or someone without specific skills to be able to step into certain roles. Market culture. The market culture companies are highly results-driven organisations that concentrate on achievement and completing the task in hand. Hierarchical Culture. These are high structured and controlled businesses that concentrate on creating an efficient company that does the right thing. They tend to be run with a well-defined management structure which feeds information down through it and accepts reporting back through the same lines. The project management company planned by Charles will start with a smaller number of employees but they will have highly specialised tasks to carry out – such as detailed project management – therefore the Role culture is likely to be the best fit for his business.Since there is only a few employees to start with, the feeding out of information can be handled via team meetings, making communications easy and fluid. Business perception relates to the way in which people – either employees, competitors, or customers – relate to a company, which can affect how they interact with that company (Schnaky, 2008). How a company is perceived may impact on how others work with the company which in turn can affect their long-term profitability and their ability to operate in the market. 5.0 Organisational Strategic Objectives. This report has outlined some of the areas that Charles, the business owner, should examine in order to establish a successful company and gives indication of the type of culture he should aim for. However, rather than simply indication certain aspects of the business, it becomes important to define particular strategic objectives for Charles to establish. It has been suggested in section 2.4 that Charles strongly consider establishing his business as a limited company, as that will give him extra credibility in the business world, and he is likely to be able to attract the right calibre of technical staff to 5.1 Strategy Roadmap. Charles’ company is expected to follow a specific pathway to success, built on his company’s specialist knowledge of project management and innovative work systems. This means that the corporate strategy needs to be based on a culture of innovation and the highly-desirable skillset that his employees have. The structure of a corporate strategy built on innovation is shown in figure 1, below. Figure 1: Charles’ Corporate Strategy. With the company firmly seated in the high-skills, technology, and innovative work streams, Charles can build up a suitable processes that reflect the kind of business that thrives in highly specialist markets such as detailed project management. The second layer of the strategy is based on the fundamental processes that the company will employ every day to deliver customer excellence. These processes will encompass innovation in deliverables in which the project management element will keep abreast with the current practices in the field, and project management practitioners kept fully trained as appropriate. Operations process will dictate how the technical staff will interact with customers, while business growth will be the focus of sales and marketing processes. The goal of the sales and market department will be to grow the visibility of the company and create a customer experience that entices return custom through a positive experience in all dealings with the company. Customer feedback will further allow the company to innovate and to modify their services based on what customers actually want rather than their own perception of what customers need. By delivering the correct product and service, Charles’ company can experience substantial growth through returning customers as well as picking up new business through the correct marketing strategy and customer recommendations. 5.2 Managing the Strategy. With the correct strategy in place, the management becomes easy since all members of the company understand what is required of them and departments that they deal with to streamline all operations. As already stated, it is suggested that Charles adopt a Role culture into the company so that people are aware of what they need to achieve within their work sphere, but are able to take direction on other tasks as necessary. This means that self-management is carried out to the greater extent, with Charles and his senior management team – which is expected to comprise himself as chairman, a Finance Director, and a Sales//Operations Director – offering overall direction for the company, leaving day to day management to area managers and individuals, empowering them to stretch goals (Vandeveer and Menefee, 2010). This will add a flexibility to the company that is attractive to potential customers, which, together with the obvious innovative ethos of the company, will help boost sales enquiries. The management system and strategy set out for this company does not have to be binding, and with future growth, it may be necessary to consider different strategies and management styles that will be more befitting the organisation as it grows. This means that Charles will need to assess the company on a regular basis to assess whether a new direction in strategy and style may be of greater benefit. 6.0 References Adeniyi, M. (2007) Effective Leadership Management. Authorhouse, Bloomington, Indiana. Alversson, M. (2013) Understanding Organizational Culture. Sage Publications, London. Deming, W. (1993) The New Economics for Industry Government, and Education. MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts. Drafke, M. and Murtaugh, J. (2009) The Human Side of Organizations. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Gov. UK (2015) Choose a legal structure for your business. [Online] Available from https://www.gov.uk/business-legal-structures/overview. [Accessed 11th December 2016]. Robbins, S. Judge, T. (2014) Essentials of Organizational Behaviour. [Online] Available from http://bba12.weebly.com/uploads/9/4/2/8/9428277/organizational_behavior_15e_-_stephen_p_ robbins__timothy_a_judge_pdf_qwerty.pdf. [Accessed 11th December 2016]. Schnaky, K. (2008) Perceptions of Organizational Culture by Employee Level: A Case Study. [Online] Available from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.591.2797 rep=rep1type=pdf. [Accessed 11th December 2016]. Stoner J., Freeman R., and Gilbert, Jr. D. (2003) Management. Prentice-Hall of India, New Dheli. Vandeveer, R. Menefee, M. (2010) Human Behavior in Organizations. Prentice Hall, New Jersey How to cite Project Management Company, Essay examples

TV Channels and Newspapers

Question: Discuss about the TV Channels and Newspapers. Answer: Introduction: Knowledge is the most important thing for anyone to get success in life because now a day good specialist and knowledgeable person are needed everywhere. University degree provides knowledge and useful skill which helps in getting good job in future. Therefore, education is the most important thing for someone who wants to be successful. Following are the reasons to support this point: For a person it is necessary to be intelligent because only experience is not sufficient for success. University is basically a centre of information where student study important things. Internet has all the study material but still some things are only available in libraries of university. Therefore, university is the only place where student is able to meet all the competent people and get knowledge from them. Relationships are the most important condition for achieving success in life, and while studying in the university an individual finds many peoples who are related to his profession which can help them in future. As we all know every coin has other side also as university degree is not sufficient for achieving every type of success in life because for every person meaning of success is different. University degree is helpful in making professional career but individual does not require any degree for becoming wealthy and famous. Therefore we can say that, university degree is helpful in achieving professional success but it will not help in every field of life and person can lead successful life without getting university degree. Trains are faster and this mode of transport is environment friendly because single train carries huge number of peoples. This argument is right in some way that government should invest in trains to reduce the traffic problem. But in my opinion it is equally necessary to build wider roads. Railways are not the alternative of roadways and both modes of transport are equally important because both are used by millions of peoples in their everyday life. Both the modes complement each other and this is the only reason that government should invest in both railways and roadways. Railways are not used by people for covering the short distances. For example, very few use railways to go to the market or shopping mall as compared to other people who use bus or car for reaching their destination in the town. If roads are not wide then there are chances of heavy traffic. It is not possible for everyone to cover the distance of railway station and it is also not possible that trains reaches everywhere in the City. For example there are number of peoples who use both trains and roadways in their everyday life, and some use roadways to reach the railway station. They need both reliable trains and wider roads. Therefore, this statement is right that city needs both a well-developed rail network and wider roads. At last, we conclude that government should invest in both railway and roadways for the development and get rid from traffic issues. Roadways cannot be the substitute of railways and in same manner railways cannot be the alternative of roadways. There are many countries in the world which considers English as important language for communication. Globalization increased the use and importance of English because it is necessary for everyone who needs common global language. There are number of peoples who recognize English as the international language of business, and it is also observed that use of English language results in expansion of international trade every year. As per survey there are almost 50 English speaking countries in the world. A multinational company demands certain level of proficiency from their employees in order to communicate with their clients, and for becoming successful more and more people are trying to learn English. Higher number of technologies are based on English words, so it is necessary for person to learn English if he wants to know latest developments and discoveries in the world. All the journals and research reports are published in English language no matter from where author belongs. Entry in academic world is easy for the person who has strong command on the English language because large number of education institutions teaches in English. However, most information on the internet is published in English which proves the importance of this language. Therefore, I agree that adoption of English as global language is good idea. In fact this language is already adopted by number of people as international or global language. TV channels and newspapers present number of news related to criminal offences which ultimately result in paranoia in society. From last few years there is huge rise in the crime rates. Every other day news related to robbery, murder, shooting, rape and other such similar acts are presented by newspapers or TV channels. Such information presented by social media on regular basis aims to make citizens aware and alert from such crimes in their surroundings but research conducted something different from this aim. It is observed by professionals that such information disturbs the mind of people and put them on wrong track. However, instead of spreading awareness, these news results in an increased sense of paranoia, insecurity and mistrust among people. News related to criminal offence makes people more frightened and concerned about their own safety and safety of their family and friends. Conclusion: Study also states that attention of media encourages the criminals at some point of time. Media represent the complete story revolved around the crime which removes the thin line between the reporting a crime and glamorizing the crime. Such reporting of crime is more dangerous because it ultimately result in negativity and fear in the society. This reporting also provides ideas to potential criminals for committing crime and get attention in mass media. At last, we conclude that the statement presented in the question is correct. This is true that people need to know about the activities which are anti social and related to their community but the way in which mass media represent the crime news is unacceptable. Such reporting by mass media must be controlled and regulated in systematic manner.

assessment poetry Flashcard

assessment poetry

6 Great Resume Tips How to Organize Your Resume’s Education Section

6 Great Resume Tips How to Organize Your Resume’s Education Section Is your resume’s Education section taking up too much space on your resume? Are you finding it hard to fit in all the information you think is important? Here are some of your resume Education section questions answered – maybe even questions you didn’t know you had! These tips will help you pack in lots of information without taking up half the space on your resume. 1. Should the Education section come first or last? If you are a new graduate from college or graduate school, or if you are applying to graduate school, your resume’s Education section generally goes FIRST on your resume (after your header). Why? Because it’s what you’ve done most recently, and/or it is most relevant. (If you  are unsure as to what is most relevant in your particular situation, ask an expert for advice.) If you have been in the working world for 2 years or more, your Experience section will more likely come first, and Education might be last or close to last on your resume. 2. Should I include dates in my Education section? The answer is, â€Å"It depends.† If you are a new graduate, especially if you’ve graduated from any school within the past five years, then it makes sense to include the date of your graduation or expected graduation. If you graduated more than 20 years ago, generally it’s recommended not to include the date of your graduation, as you could face age discrimination. If you are an older job seeker and also got a degree in the past few years, it can help to make you look younger if you put the date of your graduation on your resume. So consider your specific situation and make a considered judgment call. If you have questions, you might want to consider a resume review by The Essay Expert. 3. What should the basic format be? List your educational institutions in reverse chronological order, just as you do with your employment history. The most important part of each school section is the name of the school you attended. Put it in bold and/or Small Caps, followed by the city and state. Use the same format you use for your employers. Next put the degree you received. If you are anticipating a degree, write â€Å"Candidate for B.A,† â€Å"B.S. expected,† or â€Å"M.A. anticipated.† Fill in the appropriate degree of course. Here’s an example: You might like a centered format if your Education section is toward the end of the resume. For example: 4. Do I need a separate line for my GPA and for each of my honors? If you need to save space, there is no need to put your GPA and honors all on separate lines. You can combine these onto one line, and you can even put them on the same line as your major. How you combine things will depend on how much room you have on other lines. Here are some possibilities: BA in Political Science, cum laude, 2016 (GPA: 3.41) Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, concentration in Psychology, May 2015 Major GPA: 3.73; Cumulative GPA: 3.683 5. How should I list Honors  and Activities? You do not need an entirely separate section for either Honors or Activities. Only create these separate sections if you need to fill space! Instead, put them under the appropriate school. Do you have a lot of honors and/or activities? If you need space, you can group them together. For instance, you can have a bullet that says â€Å"Honors:† and name your honors, separated by semicolons. Then have a bullet that says â€Å"Activities:† and list your activities, separated by semicolons. Not sure how to handle the dates of all these things? Try putting them in parentheses after the honor or activity, and before the semicolon. Examples: Honors: Undergraduate Honors Thesis Research Grant (Honors Program award); Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society; Golden Key International Honour Society Honors: Dean’s List (2016-2019); Baylor University Alumni Scholarship (2015-2019); Greek Women’s Leadership Award (2009); Midwest Conference Academic All Conference Team (2018  and 2019) Activities: Latino/a Student Association, Secretary (2016-2017), Delegate/Community Service Committee (2015-2017); Mexican Student Organization, Social Chair (2015-2016); South American Student Association, Member (2014-2017) Activities: Varsity Women’s Basketball Team, Four Year Letter Winner; Pi Beta Phi Fraternity, Board Director (2016-2017) and Member (2014-2017); University Chapel Choir, Member (2014-2017) 6. Do I need a separate section for Study Abroad? No! Study abroad is part of your undergraduate education. It can be a bullet, or if you want to emphasize it because of your international interest or language ability, you can bold it. Do not put a space between your undergraduate degree section and the study abroad section, unless you need to fill space. Example of bullet format: [end of undergraduate section here]    Junior-year semester at University of East Anglia, Norwich, England (2015) Example of bolded section under undergraduate section: [end of undergraduate section here] Reid Hall, Columbia University, Paris, France Summer Study Abroad (Coursework: 19th Century French Painting, French Language) 7. How long should my resume’s Education section be? Unless you’ve earned five different degrees from five different schools already, your education section generally should take up a maximum of a third of a page. This means it’s important to get Experience to put on your resume and not rely on your Education to get you a job! Implementing these 6 suggestions will give you a great start on the Education section of your resume, making it both efficient and effective. Did these tips help you with your resume? Please comment below.

Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Statements - Essay Example While the financial statements will provide the overall financial health of the company, SAC board will also be warned of relying solely on the financial statements as the basis for their future decisions. The memo will contain a list of inherent weaknesses that financial statements have in them. a. Income statement - The income statement describes the company’s revenues and expenses along with the resulting net profit or loss over a period of time. Revenues are those that the company earned through the sale of products or services to customers, or any other form of income that accrues to the company due to its business activities. On the other hand, expenses are those resources that the company has to spend to produce the revenues. The net result is either a net income or a net loss. If revenues exceed expenses, it is a net income. If expenses exceed revenues, it is a net loss. These information are all reflected in the income statement of the company. b. Balance sheet – The balance sheet is a financial statement that describes the company’s financial position at a given time. Its three main components are the assets group, the liabilities group, and the owner’s equity section. The assets are the resources of the company that are being used to produce the goods and services the company sells to its customers. The liabilities and the owner’s equity, on the other hand, are the means by which assets are financed and acquired for the company. Liabilities are what the company owes its creditors, while equity is what the company owes its owners or stockholders. A company’s total assets are equal to all its liabilities and owner’s equity. c. Statement of owner’s equity – The statement of owner’s equity is also known as the statement of retained earnings. (Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., 2010) This statement shows changes in the owner’s equity, resulting from the operations

Strategic Analysis and Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Strategic Analysis and Choice - Essay Example The analysis includes political, economic, social and technological factors. Political factors affect the marketing and strategic growth plans of a business. Legislations and regulations of a country affect the plans of the business. This can be control of ingredients used, price changes and different views of the party in power compared to the former one. For e.g. in Pakistan, after the emergency was imposed on 3rd November 2007 the media was curbed and shut down until they signed a deal not to talk against the present government. Thus, GEO Pakistan a channel that is aired in Pakistan, Dubai, UK, USA and Canada. This organization is a multinational since it is aired in three continents around the world. The company uses all the latest technology in media like news room automation service, graphics system, automated play out system, media server systems, GEO firsts (interactive program) and training on international standards; and it is a market leader at home in Pakistan. It is huge since it employs the most people in Pakistan. The company is young. The company is family owned. The channel refused to abide by the regulations and has not been aired in Pakistan up till now. The channel was a leader in the market but now they have suffered huge losses due to the close down of the channel. Eventually, they had to abide by the regulations to avoid further losses and downsizing of employees. Now the channel will be aired soon. GEO is a good example of a company that tried to go against the industry norms and comply with the rules in order to differentiate but it all went wrong and they suffered. This was a risk and they had to pay for non compliance of industry norms. This example is a fitting example in this case because their strategic... This essay is a strategic analysis of how the companies respond to changes in their internal and external environments. Also that companies often plan to use such strategies to gain a competitive advantage over their various competitors since an edge over the others always helps them stand at the highest peak and successfully manage to balance and avoid falling disastrously. Often companies plan and forecast but the actual result is different from the forecasted one. Theories are often good to study and get a proper understanding of the situation but they do not necessarily fit in real life. Uncertainty is part of life and a proper analysis to take a decision is important for companies. Thus, businesses aim to grow and gain competitive advantages since expansion is an industry norm but then they have to face problems while operating in the internal and external environments and these businesses tend to use these strategies to their best advantage and even by manipulating these at tim es to fit their conditions and markets. This helps them grow and gain an edge over their competitors. Competitive advantages are essential to businesses for continuous growth in the existing and new markets in order to expand and turn into giants. Managers need to have a clear vision of the future of the company.

Cell Phone Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cell Phone Use - Essay Example During the early periods, cell phones were considered as a luxury and only the business class was able to tolerate its expenses. Today, almost every individual coming from different classes use cellular phones during their everyday life. These devices are utilized by individuals in various aspects of their everyday life; these devices are even commonly used while people are moving from one place to another. A huge population of drivers have reported using cell phones while they are driving. Increase in number of people using phones while travelling have resulted in several road accidents and have not only led to damage to assets but have even resulted in several deaths. These incidents have made policy makers stand against the use of cellular phones while driving and these concerns have been addressed through restrictions through rules and regulations. Jurisdictions that have not yet levied such bans are even debating over banning the use of cell phones while driving. This paper will argue on why the use of cell phone should be banned or restricted during driving and what measures are already in place to control this act. Body There have been various changes in trends on who uses cell phone devices and for what purposes, they are using these devices. According to Cain and Burris, the number of people using these devices for family business elevated from 40% to 61% during the era of 1990 and 1998 (Cain, 1999). The NHTSA reports that the 15% of individuals who have not graduated from high school, 26% of individuals who have graduated from high school 30% of those who have not yet completed collage and 40% of those who are collage pass outs are cell phone users (NHTSA, 1997). A common application of the use of this device is during driving a vehicle. The NHTSA and Cain and Burris reported that around 90% of the owners of mobile phone use the device during driving. The PCIA have reported that those who use mobile phones for over 1 hour per month account for 15% of the owners of this device, those who use it less than one hour but more than half an hour account for 15% of owners, those who use it between ten to thirty minutes account for 20% o the owners and those who use it more than one minute but less than 10 minutes account for 39% of the owners (PCIA, 1999). An accident can result not only in loss of property; it even results in loss of life. When an accident takes place, the people involved directly in the accident can experience hurt at the level of getting minor injuries to the extent of losing their lives. Accidents can lead to heavy damages to very expensive vehicles, along with the incident of damaging public assets. Other expenses or negative impacts of an accident include; loss of working hours, insurance cost, legal costs and huge health care bills. In case of an accident taking place in urban regions, huge traffic jams take place due to which the emergency service providers may not be able to respond in a timely manner and people end up losing their lives. The negative effects of a collision caused due to usage of hand held phones during driving have increased the concerns of policy makers, organizations and insurance companies and various other stake holders. When drivers use cell phones during the act of driving, they are indulged in various activities related to the use of cell phone while driving. Drivers engage in actions such as finding the device, dialling the number, sending and receiving messages and ending the call. These activities do not only distract drivers physically but even emotionally. Drivers are emotionally distracted if they are being a part of an emotional conversation. Odgers stated that drivers are highly distracted during the

Role of Financial Development in Total Factor Productivity

Role of Financial Development in Total Factor Productivity THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY OF VIETNAM’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR Thesis Research Design Instructors: Team of MDE Lectures Student:Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å" Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £o Trà ¢n 1. Problem statement There is a large literature about the link between financial development and economic growth. Many studies indentify that productivity as one channel through which finance affects growth. The importance of financial development in raising productivity and promoting economic growth has been discussed in many reports (e.g., Goldsmith 1969; McKinnon 1973; Shaw 1973; Greenwood and Jovanovic 1990; Bencivenga and Smith 1991). The financial system pressure handicaps financial development and results in misallocation of resources, then reduce productivity and economic growth. As the financial systems develop well, overall economic productivity will be improved through the efficient reallocation of resources. At firm level, financial development of a firm allows a firm to appropriate new business opportunities, conduct investment and research activities, make a defense against financial and non-financial shocks and achieve higher productivity. More importantly, firm productivity is an essenti al indicator in transforming financial market development to economic growth at macro level. There are also many empirical studies about the impact of financial development on productivity efficiency. Levine (2005), Beck et al. (2005) point out that financial constraints, including low liquid and limited access to financial resources, make the growth prospect of firms worse. In Vietnam, manufacturing firms play an important role in the decade of economic growth. In 2013, there are 60700 businesses closed. There are many reasons such as long loss profit, management capacity, operating restrictions and lack of funds business†¦ In which, financial market development offers a crucial impetus for enhancing firm competitiveness and catalyzing industrialization. In Vietnam the scientific research using a panel data to find out the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s manufacturing sector is limited. This study will present the evidence of this linkage using panel data for manufacturing firms from 2003 to 2009. 2. Research objective 2.1. Research objectives To estimate the TFP growth rate of manufacturing sector To find the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s Manufacturing Sector. To give policy implication for improving firm productivity 2.2. Scope of the study The study will examine the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s Manufacturing Sector using the panel data of 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. 3. Literature review 1. Productivity: Concepts and measurements Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input use (Schreyer and Pilat 2001) or in other words, how much of output which is obtained from a given set of inputs (Syverson 2010). Productivity = Quantity of outputs produced/ Quantity of inputs consumed Productivity measurement efforts to point out improvements in using the capital resources, that is, to motivate and evaluate efforts to produce more inputs with fewer inputs while maintaining quality. TFP is used to measure the firm productivity. It captures the growth, which could not be explained by changes in production inputs, thus it can serve as a traditional proxy of productivity improvement. However, there is a correlation between unobservable productivity shocks and optimal choices of input. There are at least two approaches to measure the TFP, which account for the sensitive of optimal input levels to the productivity shocks. First approach is the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement which uses investment as a proxy for productivity shocks (Olley and Pakes 1996). Another approach is the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement which uses intermediate inputs as a proxy for productivity shocks (Levinsohn and Petrin 2003). In this study, I will use the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement to control for the unobservable productivity shocks because of three reasons. Firstly, the dataset of firm investment is not available, thus the the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement will not be feasible. Secondly, even if the investment data is available, the estimation can be suffered from the truncated report â€Å"zero† investment of firms. Finally, the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement is more acceptable than the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement because of it is built from production theory. Assuming a Cobb-Douglas function, TFP is often computed by estimating the equation: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ωit + ÃŽ µit (1) Where yit is firm’s output, lit is firm’s labor, kit is firm’s capital; y, l, k are all in the nature logarithm forms. i and t denote firm and time. ωit is a state variable, which measures productivity. ÃŽ µit is an error or a random productivity shock. Both ωit and ÃŽ µit are unobservable variables. According to Olley and Pakes (1996), the OLS estimates of (1) can be biased because choice of variable inputs can be depended on the firms’ beliefs about the state variable ωi. If there is serial correlation in ωi, the variable inputs such as labor, materials, etc will be positively correlated with ωi. In order to control the bias in OLS estimates, they suggest the following partially linear model: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ht(iit, ait, kit) +ÃŽ µit (2) in which ωit =ht(iit, ait, kit), ait is age of firm i at time t, iit is investment of firm i at time t. The unobservable variable ωit can be expressed by a function of observable variables. Levinson and Petrin (2003) point out that investment data at firm level is very lumpy (there are considerable adjustment costs). If it is true, the investment proxy will not smoothly respond to productivity shock. It violates the consistency condition. They propose the following modified model: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ÃŽ ²mmit + ωit + ÃŽ µit (3) mit is the logarithm of the intermediate inputs such as raw material, power, and electricity expenditures. Its input demand mit depends on the capital variable kit and productivity ωit mit = mt (kit, ωit) The demand of intermediate inputs mit is assumed to be monotonously increasing with ωit. It can be used as a proxy for unobservable variables. Therefore, the unobservable productivity ωit is expressed by the function of two variables kit and mit. ωit = mt (kit, mit) Substituting above equation to equation (3), the production function can be estimated. The coefficients of kit and mit can be recovered by GMM method with assumption that productivity is controlled by a first-order Markov process. ωit = E[ωit/ωit-1] + ÃŽ ·it ÃŽ ·it is an innovation to productivity which can be correlated with labor but uncorrelated with capital. The logarithm TFP of firm can be obtained from the residual of actual output and predicted output. 2. Financial development and firm productivity The important role of financial development in raising productivity and promoting economic growth has been mentioned in many public researches. In traditional growth theories, the role of financial development in growth is through factor accumulations, which are regarded as the main force behind economic growth. Financial development can contribute to total factor productivity growth by increasing marginal productivity of capital (Goldsmith 1969). According to McKinnon and Shaw (1973), financial development also can improve efficiency of capital allocation so as to increase the aggregate saving rate and investment level. However, in traditional growth model, the impact of financial development on growth is limited due to diminishing return to scale of capital. Some recent researches also highlight the relationship between financial development and productivity growth. Jeanneney, Hua and Liang (2006) analyze data from 29 Chinese provinces and find out that financial development has contributed significantly to TFP growth through its positive effect on efficiency in the period from 1993 to 2001. Dabla-Norris, Kersting and Verdier (2010) use firm level dataset and find out that the positive effect of innovation on firm productivity is contributed from financial system. Firms enjoy the maximum benefits from innovation in countries with well-developed financial system. Minjia Chen (2012) examine a panel dataset of Chinese manufacturing firm from 1998 to 2007 also show that financial factors are highly essential to firms’ total factor productivity growth. At micro level, financial development affects productivity growth by various channels. A firm with better financial health tends to bring higher productivity level. Beck et al (2005) suggest that firm with high liquidity is expected to be resilient to financial and non-financial shocks. Similarly, entrance to large external finance can help a company reduce the level of credit constraints, therefore increase their ability and existence in the market (Aghion et al 2007; Levine 2005). 4. Overview of Vietnam SMEs In Decree 90/2001 ND-CP from 2001 to 2009, SME is defined as an independent business establishment which registered capital not exceeding 10 billion VND or annual average number of workers not exceeding 300. From 2009 up to now, SME is defined as: Small and medium enterprises are business establishment which have registered their business according to the law and are divided into three levels of size: very small, small and medium depend on the sizes of their total capital or their average number of workers (total capital is the priority standard). In term of size of employees, nearly 98.34% of firms are small or medium enterprises in 2012. These firms contributed to 40-60% GDP of Vietnam and over a half of total labors in 2011. SME has important role in Vietnam economy. The SME survey has been conducted by the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM), the Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs (ILSSA) under the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam (MoLISA) and the Development Economics Research Group (DERG) of the University of Copenhagen. The research group selects ten provinces including: Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Ha Tay, Phu Tho, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong and Long An. The sample covers around a third of manufacturing firms in Vietnam and seems to be the best quality to represent the characteristics of SMEs in Vietnam. 5. Methodology 5.1. Model Model: TFPit = ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1 TFPi,t-1 + ÃŽ ±2 ln LIQUIDITYit + ÃŽ ±3 ln LEVERAGEit + ÃŽ ±4 ln SIZEit + ÃŽ ±5 ln AGEit + ÃŽ ±6 ln COMit + ÃŽ ±7 ln HUMANKit + ÃŽ ±8 ln FOWNit + uit Where i and t are index firm and time, respectively, uit is the stochastic error term. The lagged TFP variable is important due to Levinson and Petrin (2003) estimation method. The authors assume that firm productivity follows a first-order Markov process. Therefore, the lagged TFP variable must be taken in the model for controlling the serial correlation. About the variables of financial development at firm level, my econometric specification contains two proxies of a firm’s financial quality: liquidity (LIQUIDITYit) and leverage ratio (LEVERAGEit). A firm with better financial health tends to bring higher productivity level. Beck et al (2005) suggest that firm with high liquidity is expected to be resilient to financial and non-financial shocks. Similarly, entrance to large external finance can help a company reduce the level of credit constraints, therefore increase their ability and existence in the market (Aghion et al 2007; Levine 2005). Besides, we also control for several firm-specific characteristics to examine firm productivity performance. Firms’ size (SIZEit) intends to control for the impacts of economies of scale on firm productivity (Balk 2001). Firms’ size (SIZEit) and Firms’ age (AGEit) have been found to be linked to firms’ productivity (e.g. Palangkaraya, Stierwald and Yong, 2009) and are used widely in analyzing firm productivity. Oliner and Sichel (1994; 2000) indicate high-tech capital intensity (COMit) as another determinant of TFP. High-tech capital accumulation has been proven to be an essential factor for raising productivity by improving operational efficiency, profits and, finally, productivity growth (Siegel and Griliches 1992). Another determinant should be considered that is human capital intensity. Since the 1990s, developing countries in Asia, including Vietnam, have been focused on investing human capital, e.g education and training, to achieve higher economic growth. Therefore, it may be interest to estimate the extent of human capital intensity account for TFP. The last important determinant of firm productivity is mentioned widely in many researches of Arnold and Javorcik (2009), Benfratello and Sembenelli (2006), Germa et al. (2004) and Griffith (1999) is foreign ownership (FOWNit). These researches suggest that foreign owned firms are potential to have superior managers, information network and ease to connect international market. Therefore, foreign firms are supposed to get higher productivity than domestic firms. 5.2. Research hypotheses Hypothesis H1: Financial quality (liquidity ratio) will have positive relationship with firm productivity. A firm with high liquidity tends to bring higher productivity level. Hypothesis H2: Financial quality (leverage ratio) will have positive influence on firm productivity. 5.3. Data sources All data sources are available at the Survey of Small and Medium scale manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam, from 2003 to 2009. It gives data about production and financial characteristics of firms such as gross revenue, capital, number of labors, materials, profits, liquid assets, fixed assets, liabilities, equity†¦ The measurement of TFP: requires information on a firm’s gross output and production inputs. Net output is measured by net sales of manufactured goods. There are three inputs in the empirical model: labor, capital and intermediate materials. Labor is the number of employees working for a company. Intermediate materials include components used in the manufacturing process. Capital is measured by the value of land, building as well as machinery, equipment, excluding the depreciation of assets. Financial development variables: First variable is liquidity, which is measured by the ratio of liquid assets to total assets. Second variable is leverage ratio that is measured by the ratio of liabilities to equity. Control variables: Firm size is measured by the total sales of a firm. Firm age is measured by the number of years a firm in operating. If a firm goes in an industry for less than one year, it is set up for zero. High-tech capital accumulation is measured by the number of computers used for each worker. The proportion of skilled labor to total workers of a firm serves as the proxy of human capital investment. Finally, the ratio of investment capital undertaken by foreign parties relative to the total registered capital is used as a proxy of foreign ownership. Finally, the ratio of actual investment capital of foreign parties compared to the total registered capital is served as a proxy of foreign ownership. References: Aghion, P., T. Fally, and S. Scarpetta. 2007. Credit Constraints as a Barrier to the Entry and Post-entry Growth of Firms. Economic Policy 22: 731–119. Arnold, J.M., and B.S. Javorcik. 2009. Gifted Kids or Pushy Parents? Foreign Direct Investment and Plant Productivity in Indonesia. Journal of International Economics 79: 42–53. Balk, B.M. 2001. Scale Efficiency and Productivity Change. Journal of Productivity Analysis 15: 159–183. Beck, T., A. Demirguc-Kunt, and V. Maksimovic. 2005. Financial and Legal Constraints to Firm Growth: Does Firm Size Matter? Journal of Finance 60: 137–177. Bencivenga, Valerie R. and Bruce D. Smith, (1991), Financial intermediation and endogenous Control Unobservables†, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 70, No. 2, 317-41. Benfratello, L., and A. Sembenelli. 2006. Foreign Ownership and Productivity: Is the Direction of Causality So Obvious? International Journal of Industrial and Organization 24: 733–751. Dabla-Norris, Kersting and Verdier, (2010), Firm productivity, innovation and financial development, International Monetary Fund. Girma, S., H. Gà ¶rg, and E. Strobl. 2004. Exports, International Investment, and Plant Goldsmith, Raymond W. 1969. Financial Structure and Development. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. Greenwood, Jeremy and Bruce D. Smith, (1997), Financial markets in development, and the development of financial markets. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 21: 145-81. Review of Economic Studies 58: 195-209. Griffith, R. 1999. Using the ARD Establishment Level Data to Look at Foreign Ownership and Productivity in the United Kingdom. Economic Journal 109: F416–F442. Levine, R. 2005. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence. In Handbook of Economic Growth Vol. 1, pp. 865–934, edited by P. Aghion and S. Durlauf. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Levinsohn, J., and A. Petrin. 2003. Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to control for Unobservables. Review of Economic Studies 70: 317–341. Minjia Chen, (2010), Financial Effects and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Data. Oliner, S., and D. Sichel. 1994. Computers and Output Growth Revisited: How Big Is the Puzzle? Brooking Papers on Economic Activity 1994: 273–334. Oliner, S., and D. Sichel. 2000. â€Å"The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is Information Technology the Story?† Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, pp. 3–22. Olley, S., and A. Pakes. 1996. The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry. Econometrica 64: 1263–1289. Palangkaraya, A., Stierwald, A. and Yong, J. (2009), â€Å"Is Firm Productivity Related to Size and Age? The Case of Large Australian Firms†, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 9, No. 2, 167-95. Performance: Evidence from A Non-parametric Test. Economics Letters 83: 317–324. Schumpeter, Joseph A, (1911), The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Siegel, D., and Z. Griliches. 1992. Purchased Services, Outsourcing, Computers, and Productivity in Manufacturing. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3678; Output Measurement in the Service Sector, edited by Z. Griliches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sylviane Guillaumont , Jeanneney, Ping Hua Zhicheng Liang, (2006), Financial Development, Economic Efficiency, And Productivity Growth: Evidence from China, The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 44(1), pages 27-52. Thangavelu, Shandre M., (2013), Financial Health and Firm Productivity: Firm-level Evidence from Viet Nam, ADBI Working Paper Series. Zhenhui, Sudeshna, (2013), Financial Development and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from India’s manufacturing sector, Georgia College State University.

The Character of Mr. Jaggers in Great Expectations Essay example -- Gr

The Character of Mr. Jaggers in Great Expectations Mr. Jaggers plays a pivotal role in the novel, Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens. We are first introduced to him in Chapter 11, where Pip encounters the rather condescending lawyer on the stairs of Satis House. Pip describes Mr. Jaggers as "a burly man of an exceedingly dark complexion." We cannot help but notice that he is extremely pontificating, by virtue of him holding Pip's chin and being almost sure that Pip was of "a bad set of fellows" although he had scarcely known Pip for two minutes. Mr. Jaggers' silent and terrifying ambiguity conjures mystery and enigma all around him. We find that very little is mentioned of his background and that he has no family. He is the epitome of callousness and displays the very least human feelings and affection. Through his desperate attempts to remain on the pedestal and away from social company, he is also Dickens' classic example of isolationism, in line with the theme of Great Expectations. He fears that friendly relationships with others will inconvenience his professional work. Undoubtedly, we find him to be an extremely intelligent and capable lawyer of high calibre. It is he that saves both Molly and Magwitch from the gallows through his expertise. He is also the one who supposedly saves Estella from the misery of orphanhood. Although many may argue that he did her more harm than good by giving her to Miss Havisham, we cannot blame him for he thought "that here was one pretty child out of the heap who could be saved.", which he did. By doing all this, he contributes effectively to the movement of the plot. Nevertheless, we also observe that... ...mphasizes that "If my advice had been asked, I should not have been here. It was not asked, and you see me here." This demonstrates that at the very beginning, Mr. Jaggers looked down on Pip and did not consider him worth the money and effort. Overall, Mr. Jaggers is a classic and exemplary embodiment of Victorian society. He is of paramount significance to the novel's plot, but more so to the theme. He is connected to every part of the plot. Through him, we learn what Victorian society was really like - how it judged people, how it treated people and how cruel and unjust it was. Indeed, Mr. Jaggers is Dickens' social message that a true gentleman with morals, human feelings and the spirit of justice was better than a "born gentleman" imbued with the social prerequisites of class and material wealth. This is what the theme of Great Expectations is essentially about.

Communication Medium

There are two types of communication mediums needed for any successful business; Physical Media and Mechanical Media. Physical media channels where the person who is talking can be seen and heard by the audience. The whole point here is to be able to not only hear the messages, but also to see the body language and feel like they are in the room. This does not need to be two way channels. In certain situations the receiver expect physical communication. This is the case especially when dealing with high concern messages.If a message is perceived as important they expect to hear it live from their manager. On the other hand, mechanical media is more of the daily form of communication. With mechanical media written or electronic channels are the primary sources. These channels can be used as archives for messages or for giving the big picture and a deeper knowledge. But they can also be very fast. Typically though, because it is written, it is always interpret by the reader based on hi s or her mental condition.In other words, it is not best to put humor or irony in these communication mediums because it can be percieved the wrong way. Since the company is spread through several continents around the world a great new medium is Global 365. Microsoft Office 365 operates as a cloud-based replacement for Microsoft's desktop tools, packaging Office, SharePoint Online, Exchange Online and Microsoft Lync into a cloud service. Office 365 is not only marketed to a larger company, it is also provides a package for the cost consensus smaller company.What is meant by this cheaper Office Web Apps only version. While a bigger company would purchase the full version. The idea of all your Microsoft software e-mail, documents, contacts and calendars are available anywhere at any time is an enticing feature. As well as the compatibilities it has with almost all devices. It is compatible with PCs, Macs, iPhones, Android phones, Blackberry smartphones, Windows Mobile and Windows Pho nes. Office 365 is all about collaboration.Users can share large files both inside and outside their organization, from a single document location point, meaning that the current version of a document is always the most current, regardless of how many editors are involved. Office Web Apps allow users to access and edit Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote documents in their browser, and simultaneous editing of Excel spreadsheets and OneNote notebooks with others in real time is easy and intuitive, with users able to see exactly who is editing and viewing documents at all times.A company can use emails, the company website, video conferences, slide-shows, webinars, a personal letter to the employee, the company magazine or the company's voice mail or speaker system to meet and provide feedback. The important thing to note is that positive feedback motivates people to improve, and the media a company has available to use are only limited by the imagination of its Human Resources depart ment.

Carl Rogers Theory of Client-Centered Therapy essays

Carl Rogers' Theory of Client-Centered Therapy essays The main thrust of Carl Rogers' theories of human psychology and treatment revolves around the client- or person-centered therapy. Client-Centered Therapy was developed by Rogers in the 1940's and 1950's. It is a non-directive approach to therapy, "directive" meaning any therapist behavior that deliberately steers the client in some way. Directive behaviors include asking questions, offering treatments, and making interpretations and diagnoses. I find that a non-directive approach is very appealing on the face of it to many clients, because they get to keep control over the content and pace of the therapy. It is intended to serve them, after all. The therapist isn't evaluating them in any way or trying to "figure them out". When I first read about Rogers' client-centered therapy, I found myself asking about what really is in client-centered therapy if the therapist isn't interjecting their own insights and analysis. I think that the answer is whatever the client brings to it. And that is, honestly, a very good answer. The central belief of client-centered therapy is that people tend to move toward growth and healing, and have the capacity to find their own answers. This tendency is helped along by an accepting and understanding climate, which the client-centered therapist seeks to provide above all else. Client-centered therapy sounds rather simple or even limited, mostly because there is no particular structure that the therapist is trying to apply. But when I saw the client-centered therapy in action I saw a very rich and complicated process. The patient is allowed to unravel his or her own thoughts and emotions. The patient discovers new things, takes brave steps, and does not have to cope with a therapist who is doing things to them in the meantime. The therapist strives to understand and accept the client's feelings, which is no simple feat. Over time, the client increasingly seeks to understand and accept their o...

A Cultural Interpretation of Achebes Things Fall Apart essays

A Cultural Interpretation of Achebes 'Things Fall Apart' essays It has been said that our era will see the beginning of a new period in world history, the Age of the Indigenous Peoples, a reassertion of the third worlds identity in reaction to the imperial and colonial expansion which dominated international relations of the past few centuries. With few exceptions, colonialism has wreaked havoc on native peoples, killing or displacing large populations, exploiting resources, demarcating arbitrary national boundaries, and leaving regions economically and politically dependent on former imperial powers. Yet this multicultural contact has also fostered a new global consciousness and facilitated the rise of international institutions that have given political substance to the belief in universal human rights. Already one can see civil wars and popular uprisings throughout the developing world sparked by the unstable mixture of foreign-sponsored despots and democratic or socialist ideas. Meanwhile, historians today are being forced to reexamine funda mental assumptions regarding the European incursion on the rest of the world. To speak of civilizing the primitives or saving the souls of the heathens is not only intellectually naive, such euphemisms are repugnant to the modern sense of morality. Western society faces a critical point in history. Disillusioned with past conquests and faced with unprecedented possibilities for future catastrophe, we must strive for a new understanding of the indigenous cultures so alienated and embittered by our predecessors misconceptions (Achebe vii). Fortunately, real positive change is already in motion. Conscientious individuals are joining together in voicing opposition to state actions, allying themselves with unfamiliar ethnic and religious groups in exotic regions. Out of this cultural ferment, great artists emerge to reveal new truths and new values, and to reaffirm that which is most universal in t...

Ethical Case - Related to Accounting Principles & Adjusting Entries Essay

Ethical Case - Related to Accounting Principles & Adjusting Entries - Essay Example In order to report a higher current ratio than the actual value, the company’s chief financial officer omitted some items such the accrued salary payable and supplies for the period. Based on the short case, two discussions will be prepared. The first discussion concerns whether failure to make adjustment entries would lead to an improvement in the current ratio. The second analysis shows whether it is ethical for such omissions to be made, and the relevant accounting principle involved. The current ratio is used to measure the ability of the company to meet all the current obligations using the current assets, and without exhausting the available current assets. The current ratio is obtained using the following formula = (current assets/current liabilities). J’s Wedding Production required current ratio of 1.5 means that the company’s current assets should cover the current liabilities 1.5 times before they are exhausted. Similarly, the actual current ratio of the business, 1.4 means that the current assets could cover the current liabilities 1.4 times before they are exhausted. The accrued salary payable and the supplies used during the year are categorized under liabilities and current assets respectively (Kapil, 2011). Their omission reduces the reported total current responsibility and also increases the stated amount of inventories (current assets) for the company. The total current liabilities are a factor of the current ratio. That is, current ratio = (current assets/current liabilities). Therefore, if the current liabilities are reduced by eliminating some liability items (the accrued salary payable) and the current assets increased by included the amount of inventories used during the period, the numerator element is increased while the denominator part is reduced, thus, leading to high current ratio (Kapil, 2011). Various users use the accounting information for different purposes. The user is the investors, the employees,

Jim Sharpe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jim Sharpe - Essay Example He has to find a business within the time period he has given himself. And finally time has to quickly adapt to this new role of his. He has to keep pace with the dynamics of the situation and keep increasing his learning curve. Sharpe is falling short of the capital required to make the deal. Thus he is going for a leveraged buyout. The upside of this way of transacting is the availability of liquidity and flipping. However, the second benefit is cut by the original owner. In case the business does not go well, Tim will be in whole lot of mess. The biggest culture change that he will experience is the unionized environment of his acquired company. Whereas previously in which ever company he has worked in there was zero tolerance for unionization. But in this company the previous owner has received quiet serious blows from the activities of the union. Tim is in a very tough situation and he needs the commitment of his employees to execute is turnaround strategy. If they do not comply with his orders than he would have much to lose as compared to his workers. If Press Alloy had been a subsidiary of large corporations than in it current situation, it would have been decide by the corporate CIO to put it out for divestitures or liquidate it. Tim might have received a comparatively lower price, because the people who are dissecting Press Alloy from the parent company are not looking to sell it at a profit. These people are happy with whatever they can muster. Their focus is to minimize the parent company’s losses arising due to Press Alloy’s unprofitable operations. The corporate guy responsible for the deal would have a minimum price to extract, whereas the original entrepreneur would be pricing the company according to the company’s earning potential, thereby shifting the paradigm of the entire negotiation

Knowledge Management- Building a learning organization summary Essay

Knowledge Management- Building a learning organization summary - Essay Example These five areas are considered as necessary in order to build a successful learning organization. This paper will therefore review this article and summarize it and present the point out the specific ideas presented in the paper. Confusion about the concept of learning organizations Even though organizations as well as the academics are aware of the significance of the concept of learning organization however, it is still considered as a source of confusion for many. The initial paragraph therefore sets the tone as to how the organizations in a fast changing environment and industries such as semi-conductor industry can adapt to the increasing complexity of doing business through learning and acquiring knowledge. Till now the efforts to define a learning organization have been based upon stating it in a relatively philosophical position with little or no actionable implementation of the subject. The author therefore has suggested that there is a need to develop a more actionable and practical definition of learning organizations. Author also highlights the practical implication of the same for the management of the organizations as it is suggested that the management must have an operational definition which can be put into action. Further, the current definition of the learning organizations also lack the measurability viz a viz measuring the rate at which an organization can actually increase its learning over the period of time. Learning Organizations Though the author has outlined different views of other authors regarding defining the concept however, Garvin has outlined following definition of learning organizations â€Å"A learning organization is an organization skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights.† (Garvin) According to the author, above definition has taken into consideration the practical aspects of actually implementing the knowledge within an organiz ation. The above definition is therefore considered as something which is actionable and limits the number of organizations which can actually be considered as the knowledge or learning organizations. Building Blocks According to author, there are five different building blocks which are essential for organizations to become truly learning organizations in nature. The first building block discussed is the excellence at achieving the capability of systematic problem solving. Learning organizations must adapt the new and more objective ways of analyzing the information for the purpose of problem solving. The more emphasis should be placed upon dealing with the problems through logic and data rather than relying extensively on guesswork and other methods. Experimentation is another building block for the learning organizations as it is suggested that the learning organizations must continue to search for and new ideas and knowledge in order to become more competitive. It has been stres sed that the experimentation should be done in two different phases wherein the on-going continuation program should be in place to allow small programs of experimentation to run through the time. The one-off programs for experimentation purposes have also been discussed to suggest that the organizations must develop capabilities to successfully execute such programs. It has also been discuss

Kantian Ethics Essay Example for Free

Kantian Ethics Essay

Customer Service Is An Integral Part Of Business Marketing Essay

Customer Service Is An Integral Part Of Business Marketing Essay Customer service is an integral part of doing business today. Customer service providers must have adequate preparation to interact effectively with todays customers. This preparation does not happen magically. It is the result of a commitment to increased understanding of the customer service industry, knowledge of current trends, ability to interpret those trends, and development of the fundamental skills necessary to achieve excellence. A new generation of customer service providers is emerging. This new generation is excited about what they can offer their customers and how they can help their organizations accomplish goals. They eagerly accept the challenge of expanding their understanding of the business world. These customer service providers are well educated, open to new ideas, adaptable, and motivated; in addition, they possess superior communication skills and have an enlightened understanding of the multicultural marketplace in which business is conducted. Technology is an opportunity for greater efficiency and a tool to more effectively meet the ever-changing needs of customers. The desire for additional knowledge reflects a commitment to personal and professional growth. What is Customer Service? Customer service is anything we do for the customer that enhances the customer experience. Customers have varying ideas of what they expect from customer interaction. The customer service provider must get to know his or her customers and strive to provide them with excellent customer service. No matter how accurately we see our definition of customer services we still have to live up to what our customer thinks that customer service is. The customers satisfaction is the goal to attain. Satisfaction of the customer services. Customer satisfaction recognizes the difference between customer expectations and customer perceptions. Satisfaction may develop quickly or may be cultivated over a period of time. Customers have many concerns; our job is to reduce as much of the customers stress as possible and to create a pleasant customer experience, while also providing current information and helping to solve customers problems. Satisfaction may be a customers afterthought. The customer may think back on the experience and realize how pleasant or unpleasant it was. Developing skills in customer services to fulfill the customer needs. In addition to developing skills, organizations must assess their current level of customer service and determine if it appropriately meets their current customers needs. Customers are changing all the time. In addition to the people, the circumstances that customers and organizations are required to operate in may change. If customer policies were established a number of years ago, or if the customer base has changed, current procedures for operation may no longer be effective. Companies must develop strategies that meet todays customers needs. Employees must be empowered to make decisions to benefit their customers. They must have managers who carefully hired the right people for the jobs and employees who are adequately trained to anticipate the challenges that may arise daily. While customer service is more than having a great attitude, it does require having the right attitude. Some people become so involved in trying to provide excellent customer service that they lose sight of the little things that the customer would appreciate. The use of technology and current information greatly facilitates the provision of excellent customer service. We live in an age of technology where a new and improved model is on the market almost before a new system is installed. Technology and information must work together to enhance customer service. Many up-to-date computer systems, e-mail, fax machines, printers, and messaging centers have remained unused because the information needed for their use was not developed and distributed to the appropriate customer service personnel. The challenge of providing excellent customer service never ends. Five Basics need of our client/customer Every customer have a situation with different wants and needs. Theres are basics action for us to fulfill the customer needs , it is: Service: Customers always wanted a good service and in polite way, a good service will make them feel comfortable and respect. The service that we provides must contains friendliness and politeness Price: The cost is everything; perhaps it is important to doing business with customer. If is too expensive, the customer will not be satisfied and will be mad, we dont want that to happen. So consider the price is very important for the customer needs. Quality: Customer wants to purchase durable and functional item until the customer decides or choose to replace them. The item must have an expectations of good durability. Action: Customers need action when a problem or question arises. Customers are human beings and like to think that they are an important priority and that when a need or question arises someone will be ready and waiting to help them. Appreciation: Customer would like to know that if we appreciate doing business with them. It is good to feel appreciate from someone we dealing to. Saying thank you to the customer through our words are very good action. Others service that make the customer feel comfortable: Friendliness: This is the basic action of customers needs, being polite is good for them to communicate with us. Understanding and empathy: It is very important to customers feel that the service person understands and appreciates their circumstances. Fairness: It is good when we have been treated fairly. Customers can be very annoyed and defensive when they feel they are subject to any class distinctions. No one wants to be treated as if they fall into a certain category. Customer service Price Quality Action Appreciation Service CONCLUSION The customer is very important, we must give them a very good service and serve the politely until the very end, also now we have known the basics needs of the customer service. Strong customer service is more important than ever, to fulfill the customer needs, try yourself standing in your customers shoes and experience your business the way they do, especially for a new buyer. Pick up the phone and see how easy it is to find information or connect to the right department. It may be an eye-opener for you. Bibliografy Ebrary, 2010, Customer Satisfaction, A practical approach , Retrieved 25th October, Stephen Elba. 2010, Customer service is an integral part, Final chapter, Retrieved 25th October, Ebrary. 2010, The Basics of Customer Service, Insights into the changing service of the Customer, Retrieved 25th October, Ebrary. 2010, The most importance needs, Customer Service, Rretrieved 25th October Question 2 All customers have their own unique sets of expectations. Expectations may be positive or negative. Organizations must periodically attempt to determine what their customers expect from their customer experience. In a group, list and explain in details the top five expectations that customers would have of the following organization: 5 star hotel International Fast Food Chain Travel and tours company INTRODUCTION Customer service is the art of serving a customer. It is by far the most important marketing strategy a business can use in its quest to capture and retain market share. Customer service isnt the product of smile training. It isnt a scripted, predetermined response to a menu of customer complaints. It isnt a magical transformation that occurs as a result of a one-shot corporate training program. It doesnt happen because of corporate lip-service or directives and mandates from upper management demanding that customers be treated with respect and dignity. Customer service is a way of doing business that is born out of genuine concern for the customer, and it involves every person in the company, from the chairman of the board to the custodian. Its a not just a way of doing business, its a way of life. Customer expectations We ourselves are customers and as customers, what do we want? Satisfaction. We expect the food to be delicious, the environment to be delightful and the service to be spectacular. Now that weve established that, we know what other customers want and what our next step to take is. Whatever we do, we need to think like a customer. Only then we can achieve success. If a customer make a reservation at our hotel, and soon the customer will be our guest, and before they arrive at our hotel, they surely make expectations how will be the services is, how the food, the accommodation, the environment and other stuffs is. By these expectations, we need to give our best, because it is so important what the customer will feel. Expectations that customers would have in: 5 star hotel A good services Air conditioner Lobby and lift A clean swimming pool. Nice environment Great accommodation International Fast Food Chain Have a Drive-Thru purchase Air-conditioner Smoking area A good compartment Many cashier so that the customers dont have to queue for too long. Travel and tours company More options on travel places. Fast procedures on checking passport etc. Free gift. Good services Friendly agent Managing customer expectations If you are a service provider, customer expectations can pose a major challenge. That is because expectations are wondrous creatures because: They grow, they shrink, they change direction, they shift constantly, and they shift easily and how satisfied or dissatisfied your customers are in determined by these expectations and your performance in meeting them. If expressed as a calculation, customer satisfaction might look something like this: The process concerns how customers feel they have been treated. This is the human element of service. And touchy-feely though it may appear, the human element is exceedingly important in achieving a high level of customer satisfaction. Example: When Im a customer, I want: To be taken seriously Competent, efficient service Anticipation of my needs. Explanations in my terms Basic courtesies To be informed of the options Not to be passed around Dedicated attention Knowledgeable help Friendliness To be kept informed Follow- through Honesty Feedback Professional service Empathy Respect If you are a businessman, consider yourself a customer, so that you can define what is the customer really want, by knowing all the subjects, you can easily attract the customer and doing nice business with them, lastly, the customer are happy and you get your work nicely done. CONCLUSION Humans expectation has no end so therefore, we just have to give our best to keep our customers satisfied. By giving the best to our customers, we not only can make their day but its also good for business. A satisfied customer will turn into a loyal customer. And dont forget, our customers are also our publicity agent. When theres a problem, be smart when handling it. We dont want even a small problem to get in the way.

Schizophrenia: Effects on the Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Schizophrenia: Effects on the Brain Schizophrenia is a disease that affects the brain. It alters brain chemistry and brain form to produce the different behavior in those afflicted with the problem. It appears that these alterations change the inherent I-function in each individual. Loss of important functions associated with this piece of the greater nervous system box is found in these people. To understand why this occurs, it is necessary to have some background knowledge of what schizophrenia does to a person's brain. The conclusion of altered I-function can be drawn as this information is presented. The symptoms of the disease also aid in the explanation. Schizophrenia results in varied and abnormal responses compared to those of normal, healthy individuals. The brain of individuals with the disease endures such changes that their basic functions and operations are altered. Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain. It begins to be noticed in a person's late teens through twenties. Signs of it can be seen from early childhood and it is now being hypothesized that it is actually present during adolescence (1). Since this hypothesis extends to fetal development, brain formation in the earliest stages is effected. The alteration of pathways and deviation of neurotransmitters from normal arrangement is believed to be a factor behind the affliction. The brain of these individuals forms differently. Neurotransmitters are believed to misfire altering the chemical balance of the brain causing behavioral problems. There are deficits in cortical and subcortical cognitive processes (5). There are also enlarged ventricles in the brain causing further impairment of ability (3). When the disease is present there are certain symptoms that are easily recognizable. They fall into three categories overt, negative, and positive. The overt symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, alteration of the senses, inability to sort and then respond appropriately to incoming sensations, an altered sense of self, and changes in behavior (2). The negative symptoms are emotional flatness, inability to start or follow through on activities, brief speech lacking content, and lack of pleasure or interest in life (2). All of these include an inhibition on processing information and further imply a differentiation in the normal self. The basic information above provides a solid background to understanding the disease and already possible problems to a person's I-function can be seen. The afflicted person's lack of knowledge concerning the disease suggests a hindrance to the I-function.

How far were the forces opposed to civil rights responsible for the failures of the civil rights movement in the 1960s?

Historians argue how far the forces opposed to the civil rights were responsible for the failures of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. The CRM was a social movement attacking racial and social discrimination against Black Americans in the southern and northern states. By 1960 the southern states was desegregated. The problems faced in the south were different to those of the north. The southern states suffered from legal inequality â€Å"separate but equal† whereas the North suffered from social inequality, unemployment and sanitation/ ghettoisation making it hard to find a blame for the situation, as the discrimination was not obvious.This caused an outburst of radical civil rights groups to emerge such as Black power and the Black panthers. Some argue that it was the forces that opposed the movement such as the local police/ white backlash that caused the failures as it was noticeable like the police being unfair. Others argue that it was the civil rights groups themse lves that led to the failures of the movement in the 1960s. Some argue that it was the government that led the movement to fail.By 1960 the movement had achieved so much in the south; desegregation in all public places and the Voting Rights Act had been passed, 1962. The movement could not go further as so much had been achieved with the help of the government. For the movement to request for more would have been pushing the boundaries. The problems in the north were intangleable and deeply rooted; only the government could have solved it by pumping money into the economy. The government resisted regardless that â€Å"1 in 10 Americans had an income under $5000 a year for blacks this was 1 in 3† .This led to the failures of the movement as the government didn’t fund the movement allowing it to not progress. On the other hand, it could be said the failures of the movement was down to the state government not the federal government due to the white resistance that they a llowed. â€Å"Four well dressed students sat in â€Å"white only† area in Woolworths refusing to leave unit served, 2nd day 23 students, 4th day 400 students†.Although they were not acting in a violent manor and were protesting peacefully the â€Å"police frequently arrested the protesters  for breaking the law but ignored the white people who attacked them†. This supports the idea of the local police allowing the movement to fail because they treated the campaigners unfairly, arresting them while protesting peacefully. The Vietnam War is another factor that led to the failures of the CRM. Johnson planned a ‘great society scheme’ to speed up desegregation schools education act 1965. â€Å"However the escalation of the Vietnam War made this impossible†. USA became increasingly involved in Vietnam taking Johnson’s concentration of the CRM.This led to the failure of the campaign because the movement was only successful when king was wor king with Johnson. However Johnson now had more important issues to deal with; king made matters worse when he spoke out against the war. At the start he was reluctant to do so, but felt compelled as it went against what he believed in. In 1967 King found it ironic that â€Å"when it came to the recruitment paper and firing line black soldiers were suddenly equal â€Å". This contributed to the failures of the movement as it lost the support of the federal government.In addition the war took time and money that was meant to help improve the northern states; â€Å"0. 5 million was spent on killing a Vietnamese solider but only $35 was to help each poor person† . This meant that there was no money for the FG to fund the CRM as it was being spent on the war; resulting in the CRG to protest against the war as they didn’t see the need of supporting it when the government wasn’t supporting them. This led Johnson to oppose the movement because they were protesting ag ainst decisions that he had made. In 1961 the freedom ride took place.It involved, CRA taking the bus from New Orleans from Washington DC to test the integrated state law they were â€Å"attacked by white mobs who included members of the KKK, the young riders were stoned and beaten with clubs, bicycle chains and baseball bats† . This highlights the evidence of opposed forces causing CRM to fail as the white public brutality attacked them. In 1963 the Birmingham campaign took place bull Connor police chief â€Å"set dogs and fire hoses on the demonstrators, 1300 children were arrested in two days. The lack of strong leadership was also led to the failures of the movement.MLK was not successful with his campaigns in the north as he was with the south. He was from the south and educated therefore the people of the north could not see him as a leader to represent their voice and opinions as he hadn’t experienced what they had. â€Å"people would say white rioting ‘ MLK would be ashamed of you’ and they would reply MLK who? † this led to the failure of the movement as MLK was not looked up to as a leader his existence in the north was not important allowing the movement to fail as there was no clear leadership due to lack of support.MLK had lack of authority such as Los angles because of his tactics. MLK believed in ‘non-violence’ due to his Christian background whereas the majority of the north wanted to use violence. This led the movement to fail as there was disagreement with the way things should be done. Kings expectations of solving the problems in the north were ambitious this was highlighted in the outcome of Chicago freedom movement rally in 1966; â€Å"only 30 000 people attended rather than the 10,000 king had expected† .This showed the broken unity of the CRM movement as for it to have been a success the cites needed to get together like they did in the south. Malcolm X, another leader that strongly influences the movement was completely against kings ideologies. He was from the north, uneducated and had been to prison unlike king and therefore represented most of the black men in the north. He was against integration and argued that it would create a new form of slavery. â€Å"He described that the march of Washington was nothing but a circus with clowns and all organised by a bunch of uncle toms.†This led the movement to fail as there was no unity and support between the leaders. X believed that MLK strategies of ‘non-violence’ re-emphasised the stereotype of the weak and the defeat less black person. This led to the movement failing as there was a clash of belief and ideas in the way the CRM should go about solving the problems in the north. Others argue that it was the emergence of the radical groups such as Black power and the Black panthers that hindered the movement through their actions. The black power was a radical group and became known in 1966 th ey believed in self defence.For some black power meant no integration and for others it mean and advancement in society for black people. The black panthers was founded 1966, it was an all black group and its aim was a revolutionary transformation of America. They used X as their role model. They wanted to improve the conditions of the northern ghetto and black liberation. They came up with a camping called ‘patrol the pigs’ â€Å"to keep the police under surveillance and protect the African Americans from the abuse of the police power†. While officers would be arresting There were other factors that generally led to the CRM to fail.The groups were becoming radical and the violent -ness scared the American public. This caused the movement to fail as they didn’t want to support their violent movement and for the movement to have been a success the groups needed the support of the white Americans to a large extent. The explosion of â€Å"violence out in 196 5-1968 of long hot summers of rioting† due to a black man being arrested for drunk driving and then brutality attacked by the police resulted in this rampaged through the streets.By 1965 there was $40 worth damage by 1967 the total damage was $714.8million this led the movement failing greatly as it made the government oppose them largely as they can caused harm and damaged to the environment that the government now had to pay for. virtuous Overall the forces opposed to the civil rights movement were only responsible for the failures for the movement to a small extent in the 1960s. Some historians argue that if there wasn’t a white resistant there would have been no movement therefore the reluctance of the police and the federal government was needed to a certain extent to be able to highlight the problems suffered by the north.The failure of the civil rights movement was caused by the Civil rights movement groups themselves. They lacked strong leadership as MLK was not eh right leader to lead the northern states to freedom and Malcolm X was assonated. Furthermore they had a lot of disagreements within themselves and lost American support from due to their violent reactions, summer riots and the removal of the whites from the groups causing them to lose funding that they needed. Therefore the failure of the movement was caused by the violent radical movement that the groups had created themselves.