Buss law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Buss law - Essay Example2. A partnership ceases to exist or in other(a) words is terminated where the single venture that was pursued is terminated or where the term of the partnership was for a fixed period of time, which has lapsed where it is consequently establish that the partnership is illegal or for an illegal purpose or where a court grants an order to one of the partner.3. The courts in Barclays Bank v. OBrien1 have classified undue influence into two classes the first is actual undue influence where the claimant has to demo that the offender had used undue influence on the claimant to enter into the concomitant transaction. In the second class that is presumed undue influence, the claimant only has to prove that there was a relationship of trust and confidence which has been breached there is no need to prove actual undue influence, once a confidential relationship has been established.4. A lessee is under a duty to abide by the leasehold covenants which have been agre ed upon in the agreement. Further the lessee has to maintain property so that third party entering the premises does not get affected from such non-maintenance.5. Under the Statute of Frauds 1677 it has been clearly stated that contracts of surety must be made in writing and should be duly signed. However there are two exceptions which might be said to be relevant to surety, the first one is where there has been part performance and the second is where the defendant addresses the existence of a contract under an oath.5 The general formation of a contract requires an offer (that is a definite promise to be bound by the contract provided that that certain terms and conditions are fulfilled), acceptance (an unequivocal intention to abide by the offer from the offeree), intention to create legal relations and certainty.S.40 (1) of the virtue of Property Act 1925 (repealed by s.2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act

Presidential Election Essay Example for Free

Presidential Election EssayThe democratic government of the United States of America has a different and unique of electing the head of their State. The manipulation of Electoral College has been going on for tow centuries now. This electoral performance has been used for many years. Many hot seat of USA seated and led America because of this process Thou there argon amendments in this process, still around critics finds this process unfair and unjust in choosing the president of the country. How Does Electoral College Work?The Electoral College is a process that was founded to compromise between election of the president by Congress and election by popular balloting. In this process, each State is allocated a lean of electors equal to the account of its U. S. Senators (of all time 2) plus the number of its U. S. Representatives. Instead of voting directly for a presidential candidate (and his or her vice-presidential running mate), voters vote for a ticket of electors w ho are pledged to vote for a particular presidential ticket (president/vice-president team).The political parties in each state select a slate of electors. The electors selected by the party of the candidate winning the most popular votes in a state become the electors for that state. The number of electors for a State is based on the number of members in the House of Representatives who represent the State, plus two for the States Senators. The States population determines a States Congressional delegation (Nara, 2006). The number of electors is determined by Article II, section 1 paragraph 2 of the constitution (Fortier, 2004).These electors are selected by popular vote and (except in Maine and Nebraska) these popular votes are combined on a statewide basis. States may divide themselves into presidential electors, districts and combined the vote within each district. but in Maine and Nebraska, it was required that some lectors to be chosen in districts and some at large. Which e ver the case maybe, the electoral vote of the state can be divided and cast for much than one presidential and vice presidential candidate (Fortier, 2004)The process is administered by the National Achieves and Records Administration (NARA) through the Office of the Federal Register. In United States elections they do non tally the total number of votes cast across the nations, instead they count it state-by-state. The candidate in the a Presidential election wins by getting the majority number of electoral votes. Because of this, a Presidential candidate who win the popular vote is likely to lose if he lost in the electoral vote. This happened in several occasions in the history if the United States.One of the recent was the 2000 Presidential Election between Bush and Gore. In cases that there is none of the candidate get the majority of votes, the congress chooses the President and the Senate chooses the Vice- President. If in case there have not chosen any president and vice p resident on the inauguration day then the next in line will act as the temporary president until the time they have chosen one. After the vice president, the rightful leader is the Speaker of the House then the President of the Senate. The 2000 Presidential Elections In the United States, the most popular votes does not always win.In 2000, presidential election where Al Gore won the popular vote, but he does not became the president of the United States because through a daedal system involving representative votes, as well as a favorable court ruling he lost to George Bush. Only five 538 citizens really vote to choose for the president and vice president. This 200 hundred years old history of the Electoral College system is gathering so many negative reviews and marriage offer for reforms and amendments. According to Kimberling (2002) many critics have said that said that this process has many disadvantage and some of them are the following The possibility of electing a minority president The risk of so-called faithless Electors The possible role of the Electoral College in depressing voter turnout, and Its failure to accurately reflect the national popular will. But there are people who believe in the efficieny of the system and state the following arguments contributes to the cohesiveness of the country by requiring a distribution of popular supporting to be elected president enhances the status of minority interests, contributes to the political stability of the nation by encouraging a two party system, and maintains a federal official system of government and representation. Conclusion The Electoral College System has been used for the past 200 hundred years in the election in the United States. The legislative body in USA must remember that time is changing and the system that was applicable 200 hundred years ago may not be applicasble anymore in the process of electing a president. Especially now, with the height of different technologies that can be used by the candidates for their advantage. It is good that they review and revise and if not totally abolished this system.They should be creative and resourceful enough to find the most suitable process of electing the president of the United States because it is the most important bunk in the United States of America References Fortier, John C. (2004) After the People Vote. American Enterprise Institute. 13 Kimberling, William (2002) The Electoral College. Retrieved on November 26, 2006. http//www. fec. gov/pdf/eleccoll. pdf NARA (2006) What is Electoral College. Retrieved on November 26, 2006. http//www. archives. gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors. hypertext markup language

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay Example for Free

Biblical Worldview Essay EssayIntroduction/ThesisThe Bibles immature Testament book of Ro small-arms, chapters 1-8, provides a fundamental perspective and useful resource on how theology desires to shape our gracioussview. A biblical worldview in a company that gravitates to a sinful nature can be a challenge. Paul, however, provides insight that may not encompass every theological truth, but provides the basis of establishing a biblical worldview. Specifically, these chapters provide the essence of how Christians should view the ingrained world, benignant identity, human relationships, and nuance. The Natural WorldPauls description of a worldview of the natural world is supported in the Bible several times. The book of multiplication begins with idols creation of the heavens and earth as described in Genesis 11. Romans 120 also supports God as the master creator by explaining, For ever since the world was created, flock have seen the earth and sky. through with(predi cate) everything God made, they can clearly see his invisible qualitieshis eternal power and divine nature. So they have no excuse for not knowing God. (NLT) But, because of mans sinful nature, people turn away from Him and deny His power and divinity.In Romans 121-23 Paul states, For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave convey to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools and exchanged the glory of the im person God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles. (NIV) Despite the evidence of Gods existence, people turned away from Him, worshipped idols, and continued to relish in sin.Human identicalnessGod created man in His image and put mankind over the rest of His creation. In fact, God has ranked man incisively a minuscule lower than the angels and has anointed us with His glory and honor (Psalms 85). So, why is it we ha ve an identity crisis? It is because of sin, we have fallen out of Gods grace. Romans 310 states, There is no one righteous, not even one. (NIV) It is through Adams sin that we argon all now held in Gods contempt. God understands man is bound by his sinful nature. But, Paul describes ouropportunity for redemption in Romans Chapter 81-2, Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who ar in Christ messiah, because through Christ rescuer the law of the Spirit who gives life has set you free from the law of sin and last. (NIV) Although the law of sin and death is more powerful than our moral will-power, the law of the Spirit of life more powerful than the law of sin and death. It has the power to liberate us. (DeLashmutt) Through Jesus Christ, we are able to reclaim our human identity as Gods children.Human RelationshipsHuman relationships have been tainted with sin since Adam and Eve. God has provided other human relationships as a gift to us. Its through these human interac tions we demonstrate Gods love through us. Though human nature leans toward sin, especially in dealing with human relationships. Our refusal to acknowledge God will allow us to fulfill our own sinful hearts and desires. These stingy motivations lead us to fulfill the desires of our heart instead of the desires of Gods heart. In Romans 118-32, Paul provides a detailed description of the wickedness and evilness of the people. Sin is what separated us from God and a relationship with Him in the first place. God restored this, however, through our gift of salvation in Jesus Christ. Jesuss life and human relationships, as described in passim the Gospel, provide a perfect example of the biblical perspective on human relationships.CultureThe biblical worldview on culture that Paul describes in Romans is a society that has systematically imploded. Romans 126-31 provides explicit detail on the Roman culture at that time. Sin was running rampant through the society. People knew God and the y rejected Him anyway. This type of sinful nature and blatant rejection of God spread throughout the culture. (Romans 132) People were determined to live in defiance of God and by their own legalistic views of the law. Paul stated that those under the law were lawless because the people abused the law to provide selfish gains or as a means to stand in judgement of another, especially the Gentiles.God meant for the law to be good, but man manipulated it to his own advantage. On the contrary, obedience demonstrates humility. Paul states in Romans 519, For just as through the disobedience of the one man the umpteen were made sinners,so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous. (NIV) The philosophy in this scripture supports Gods desire for us to be the light in the world to shape our culture for His purpose and not our own. Paul maintains that the grace that we as Christians are under was achieved by one Mans (Jesus) righteous act (Rom. 518). (McCrack en)ConclusionI believe that Pauls epistle is just as relevant today and it was in his time. Pauls thoughts and insight provide sound perspective for biblical worldviews for believers to mature in their faith. These biblical worldviews about our natural world, human identity, human relationship and culture are applicable to current believers because human nature has not changed. These messages are just as relevant to us today because there is still sin in the world that will not end until the Second Coming of Christ. In the meantime, we can use Romans 1-8 as a guide to align our biblical worldviews with Gods heart. Pauls perspective on biblical worldviews, such as these, are just one of the many gems we can get from the Word.ReferencesDeLashmutt, G. Walking by the Spirit Part 1. Teaching Series from Romans. Retrieved on 5/1/15 from http//www.xenos.org/ educational activitys/?teaching=527.McCracken, R. (April 20, 2014). The Difference Between Legalism and Obedience. Bible Study with R andy. Retrieved on May 2, 2015 from http//www.biblestudywithrandy.com/2014/04/know-difference-legalism-obedience-romans-5-8/.

Describing ways of identifying and meeting development needs Essay Example for Free

Describing ways of identifying and meeting development needs EssaySelf assessment is an attribute that allows an employee to take self-possession of a particular area of their personal, academic or work based life. Self assessment means an employee exit have to review their actions, skills, strengths, weaknesses, key activities and so forth and be able to provide themselves with a summary evaluation. This can then be used as part of an appraisal to give the employee their own luck to identify their strengths and weaknesses. This ordain then be incorporated into the formal appraisal process. Self assessment should also be used by an employee to determine varied faults in others.This will allow different employees to interact as it will facilitate each other to improve if they discuss each others faults and how they could improve. It is up to an employee to convey what they wish to reveal about themselves. These qualities tend to be revealed through body language, and so it is important that when assessing other employees that they only be showing you what they want you to see. why this is important in a business is because it is a skill allowing understanding of other employees attitudes and how their personal appearance whitethorn be different from their personalities.This will help communication and build a trust in spite of appearance each employee. Formal Reports By an employee producing reports for the employer this allows the employer to see how they are performing within the organisation. This means in confederacy with a properly conducted appraisal, these nones will make a powerful tool to help employees progress in their job and also help them to make improvements to their work. This will therefore add to an employees self value and will make their job more satisfying.Within these reports can list decisions of whether an employee will be made to train, redirect their energies through promotion, demotion or sideways moves. If by any chanc e the employer states that the employees behaviour is less than satisfactory this whitethorn be recorded, also along with targets that are anticipate to be achieved and that the employee had agreed to meet. These reports should help the employee and employer focus on the key aspects of what skills will be required and then how they can be improved. Customer FeedbackCustomer feedback is mavin of the greatest ways to identify development needs. This is data that can be captured by a customer. Such as how the customer feels about a ad hoc product, service in terms of quality, availability, expense etc. This feedback can then be used to identify personal developments that need to be improved. An example of this may be a hotel chain, asking customers to complete a questionnaire about the levels of how satisfied they were with the service they received. This can reflect well or badly on certain groups within the business e. g.bar/restaurant staff, house keeping staff, receptionist sta ff etc. Other examples such as a help desk may charm users to compliment on the guidance they were given. This is a very important way of a business helping staff members to improve their personalities, skills etc. achievement selective information Some organisations can collect information about a certain employee over a period of time and review this performance information with the employee. Performance such as how quick an employee performs their work or how many items they sold etc. An example of this could be a checkout worker in a supermarket.The rate of performance could be recorded by how many items they scan, how many customers they serve during their shift, what profit they made etc. These measures however when taken in closing off might not always be accurate or fair as one customer may buy a lot of audacious items but in a large proportion of products. This would therefore result in a slower scanning process. If a product has been known as being damaged this would al so slow the process of a transaction as an employee would have to leave their workstation to retrieve the same undamaged product.For this type of method acting to improve skills it has to be recorded in large sample. This is so the sample can be classified as the entire population. This means over a long period of time one checkout employee can be compared against another. Appraisal Records This type of method is used to identify an employees performance of work throughout a month, year etc. This will allow the employee to focus on their strongest points and weakest points. This will then help the employee to focus on targets they want to meet in the future, whether this is their timing e. g. handing in a project on a launch deadline etc.Addressing Development Needs Job Shadowing This will involve operative with an employee or other individuals whilst observing and analysing their job role. This will help employees gain more of an understanding of certain job roles and how procedu res/tasks are carried out. Job shadowing will give prospective employees an insight to the stresses and strains of a particular job. This will then help develop the skills needed to cope with workload and any interruptions that may move on within the working environment. In some cases the person who is being shadowed may do a running commentary on what is happening.This is sometimes not practical though as theyre maybe others such as customers, suppliers etc, who would overhear the conversation which could be very confidential. In this case, a debriefing session may be performed after the tutorial to explain what happened. Formal Courses To meet some specific development needs it may be important to attend a course programme to develop knowledge, base skills and understanding. These courses may be run by other organisations or be in-house training that the employees organisation would run themselves.These courses may lead to qualifications which will have to be obtained passing an examination. Examinations that are taken by bankers and insurance companies are set to establish a standard set of knowledge and performance that would be suitable within that industry. For Example, within the ICT industry, Microsoft offers a number of qualifications that can confirm understanding of one or more of their products. By obtaining one of these qualifications will improve an employees level of expertise. This will help an employee become more advanced within their career enabling them to work better within their qualified job.

Strong Brand Since The 1950s Marketing Essay

Strong Brand Since The 1950s Marketing EssayBrands be of high importance to companies since they chip in the ability to bring attributes and associations to consumers minds and add value to the producing company and the product itself (Kotler, 2003).Adidas is a orbicularly very strong brand since the 1950s. Adidas manufactures products that cover a wide spectrum of the total global sport market. Their products be divided in three main categories which ar Adidas Sport Performance, Adidas Sport Heritage and Adidas Sport Style. The wide variety of products that Adidas manufactures is the core enigma since it is difficult for the company to establish full chat with its potential consumers. As a result of adding value only to some of the product segments is the possible association, in the mind of the consumer, of the brand with only some of the segments.Adidas in the eyes of the consumers is mostly associated with football which as a sport is by far cognise as a mens sport. Wome n on the other hand the previous years werent prioritized for the communication and gross revenue promotion strategies.But the last decades women are involved in sports in a much higher percentage equally to the one of men. This has led the womanish sportswear market and industry to grow rapidly in decree to cover the gap. In many households women are making the final decisions for the products that will be bought. This has led many companies to change their advertising stick and make their advertisements much attractive to women.Advertising and communication strategies are the power to create associations and perceptions to a brand and enhance its brand image so that the brand will be more attractive and interesting in the mind of the consumer (Nilson, Torsten, 2000).In order to conform to in reaching out to women Adidas followed the changes, adapted to the needs that modern women have and came up with a deal with world illustrious designer Stella McCartney developing a fre shlyly product melodic phrase extension known as Adidas by Stella McCartney.STRATEGIC DECISIONS dubiousness 2Prepare positioning maps and perceptual maps for the chosen-appointed subgroup. Present appropriate explanations in order to support your proposals.Positioning MapMale advancedClassicAdidasFemaleAdidas by Stella McCartney is generally positioned in the positioning map as a new modernistic stylish top collection knowing for women. Sportswear apparel for women exists as a product line in Adidas product categories for many decades. The new top line collection by Stella McCartney is an innovative new collection in womens sportswear that combines performance and functionality with high quality.Perceptual MapsHigh rail Graduate or moreSome High School or lessEconomically strongEconomically weakAdidasAdidas by Stella McCartney collection is mostly addressed to women who are educated and in a government agency wealthy because of their personal success in business environment as a result of personal achievements. By being economically strong women batch buy this collection rather searching for products which are best value for gold, or for special discounts and offerings the Adidas by Stella McCartney does non have discounts or special offers. good-looking SpenderOut of FashionIn StyleStingyAdidasAdidas by Stella McCartney new top line collection targets women who spend a lot of money in cloths and shoes and in sports apparel in general. They usually look to purchase sportswear by famous designers to fulfill their need and desire to be attractive, different and stand out in the crowd.Sport ActiveExpensiveCheapSport InactiveAdidasThe new top line collection Adidas by Stella McCartney is addressed to women who are sport active and are willing to pay more money to purchase sportswear designed by a famous designer.Big CityIncome 15000-30000 $Income RuralAdidasAdidas by Stella McCartney is addressed to women living in big cities and having an average income o f 23000$. In big cities the trends are a daily phenomenon and economically strong women want to be in the trend and almodal values look stylish because of the competition that exists sometimes in big cities. Every successful cleaning woman likes to be different and attractive because of her stylish and famous designed outfit.ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTIONAL MIXQuestion 3Critically present the advertising and sales promotion objectives of the specific subgroup.Through advertising companies try to attach certain values to a product and make it more attractive to the needs of the consumer. Advertisements are paid announcements which usually target a specific market target group and are made or designed in a way to influence the consumer to buy the product or service being advertised. For that reason advertisements advise be promoted by television, radio, newspapers, mags and internet (Cohan, 2001).The last years Adidas has launched a new collection which is released both six months and is designed especially for women it is called the Adidas by Stella McCartney. Adidas by Stella McCartney new collection is communicated and advertised through some types of media and the Adidas Group itself and both sides hope to increase the brand awareness and enhance the brand honor.Adidas believes that the most suitable way to communicate with women that their target group consists of is through womens magazines. For that reason every womans magazine in Greece has ads of the Adidas by Stella McCartney collection. These ads are published at the magazine issue that is around the date of the new collection release, before and during major holidays such as Christmas and Easter. The collections distribution on the other hand is limited. The head offices in Athens Greece control the places where the collection will be available for purchase. Such cities are the gist of Athens, Thessaloniki, and Larissa. But besides in those cities only some selected stores have the permission to s ell Stellas collection and that occurs after being very carefully chosen complying with a number of criteria. The image of Adidas and Stella McCartney canful non be risked by having stock products.This new top product line is targeting people in large cities on the other hand the Woman Indoor classic line is available in Adidas stores all over the world and is addressed to general women consumers.Because of the fact that Adidas is supplying on spending a bigger budget every year on the woman segment the company looks for spokespersons that can promote their new line and add value to it. Of course Stella McCartney can be considered as the first but some other agreements have been made too. Such spokespersons who can also be considered are among other world famous athletes, tennis contacter Maria Kirilenko, and 400 meters hurdle runner Fani Halkia from Greece. Both of these athletes have signed not only to model but also to wear Adidas by Stella McCartney collection in every athle tic event or major training day.Adidas does not prefer television ads to advertise the womans collection. The company uses the female magazines to organize events and festivals in large department stores and promote its womans collection through direct marketing communication. likewise Adidas has never used discounts on Stella McCartneys collection. Instead the company prefers to organize fashion shows with runways, competitions and snack and beverage happenings to promote their top line collection for women.Question 4Present the market segments that you propose to be targeted. The target group(s) shall be reported in demographic and mental-psychographic and purchase motives terms.Adidas main target group for their womens collection should be consisted of 20 and 35 year old women, maybe 37. Such a woman should live in a city or in a suburban area near a big city. She can still be in college or she is older, independent and working in preferred position in a company. The targeted s egment is able and spends a large amount of money on clothes, shoes and apparel.In mental psychographic and purchase motive terms she can be characterized as sexy and seductive for the group of 20 to 27 and economically independent and successful for the group 28 to 35. She believes that by purchase and having a world famous label in her cloths and shoes she improves her image, which is the reason why she buys world famous designers expensive brands for cloths and shoes, because by that purchase she believes that her healthful known cloths make her being perceived accordingly by her environment. That targeted woman is very stylish in a peculiar way sometimes but likes to arrest attention and glances of the people around her, she likes giving stylish and purchase advises and generally she likes to be unique in a crowd.Sports on the other hand play a very important role in her everyday life. She wants to be perceived as an athlete for her leisure time but she takes the chance ever y time there is a competition. She wants her clothing to be functional but by all means they have to be stylish as well so that she can feel secure. She usually spends her time on training in different kinds of sports 3 to 4 times per week and simultaneously she can also have a subscription in a gym or even a fitness center for relaxation, because staying fit and being healthy is among her priorities.Question 5In brief present your sales promotion (of any type) proposals, in order to support marketing communication program and help to succeed the 2010 sales goals of the specific Adidas subgroup.Since 2004 Adidas has decided to spend more and more economic resources every year to increase its brand awareness towards women. As result a business agreement, more like collaboration, was established with word famous designer Stella McCartney. The Adidas by Stella McCartney collection is more stylish and fashionable including each years new fashion and style trends and separating from the previous collections designed for women which were targeted more into sport type women.Having TV commercials is not suitable for the advertising of the new collection. TV advertisements cost a lot and are a difficult task to try communicating efficiently with the companys target group in all countries plus if TV ads are not controlled effectively can lead to an overexposure of the collection and as a result to the negative perception of the brand. On the other hand special discounts and offerings are in a way forbidden because they could lead in negative perception of the brand. The new top line collection for women should increase the brand equity and enhance the companys and designers brand image.What Adidas can follow is a direct marketing strategy, which is already being followed. Adidas by Stella McCartney collection is currently advertised in the absolute majority of the womens magazines in Greece. Also Adidas can benefit from the fact that its collection is offered in the co untrys most known shopping centers and malls and with the collaboration of each magazine separately can organize fashion shows with models wearing and promoting that top line collection.Also happenings can be carried out in the shopping malls and departments with free snacks and drinks during the introduction of a new season collection. With such events Adidas promotes not only its brand and new collection but also the shopping store that distributes and sells its top line collection avoiding in that way overexposure.Another sales promotion activity which can be introduced in a more premium way is the organizing of special events especially for the women subscribers of the female and fashion magazines. Adidas can benefit from the magazines readers databases and invite them in a cocktail party for example with famous fashion models, artists and designers. In that way Adidas promotes its new collection, establishes better communication with women from its target group and enhances its brand image and brand equity.

Lightweight Aggregate for Concrete Blocks

light burden Aggregate for Concrete Blocks3R Reduce, re make character of, and recycle. Almost every wizard has heard those three words but the environment that we live atomic number 18 getting more dirty each day. In Malaysia, on that point is as annual production of over 4 million tonnes of redundance fossil oil Palm suit (OPS). Exploit this s move over material not only maximises the intake of vegetable oil palm, but also helps preserve natural resources and maintain ecological balance.Certain workmanship factors pot be appreciable effects on the readiness of overeat work such(prenominal) as incorrect adjustment of suction rate in avoid, bond amid the units of foil and deviation from vertical plane or alignment. thereof, meshing traffic pattern is one of the better solutions for cover cylinder blocks to bring this kind of workmanship installation conundrum. interlinking whippersnapper cover block can reduce building of a sudden weight effectively and r educes transportation costs and foundation institutionalize requirements. Furthermore, lock ining light cover block is save time to installation for construction and allows many homeowners easy to do the work themselves. Interlocking light concrete block forget better joint between units of block beca riding habit up they are self aligning and this is greatly increases the speed of construction. This is kill three birds is one stone for time, cost, and quality. So the woof of size, shape, body and erupt appearance of Interlocking block is a great decision for prevent all those all parking lot defect.AIMTo apply waste material Oil Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight centre at Interlocking lightweight concrete blocks.OBJECTIVETo study compressive strength and engrossment of lightweight concreteTo study Oil Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight gist.To study the factors affect the strength of block.To produce the prototype of Interlocking lightweight bl ocks.SCOPE OF STUDYThe scope of study for this dissertation is concerned about design of locking lightweight blocks by development lightweight material. The material using is Oil Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight aggregate. This research will cover on the performance (strength and density), design, and production a prototype of interlocking lightweight concrete blocks.BACKGROUNDInterlocking lightweight blocks is one of the building fences used as barrier to control mass, energy, and particulate flow both within and crossways the system.. The shape of the Interlocking blocks is tongues on the earn surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The function of tongues and grooves is to rest rain down horizontal movement when laying the interlocking block at the top of another without the use of howitzer joints to provide better bond between units of block and make the wall plastered large to carry loads. Besides, interlocking block is a great invention for construction industry to save time and easy labour installed the wall either zoftig or running bond configuration. For the cost issue, interlocking block is economical than effected block due to no impoverishment to high-wages acquisitioned masons and less mortar to use. Therefore the building costs are lower than for standard masonry construction.Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of the concrete which is twinkle than conventional concrete density in the range of 140 to 150ib/ft3 (2240to 2400 kg/mm3). Lightweight concrete can be categories into three types which is no-fine concrete, aerated/foamed concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete. The main specialties of lightweight concrete are its to lower density, basic strength (no load bearing wall) and thermal conduction. Its advantages of the lightweight concrete are rock-bottom dead load of the building, speed up construction productivity and discussion cost. This is research is rootd on the perf ormance of the lightweight aggregate concrete. Therefore, the lightweight aggregate concerned to use is wastes and recycled material due to issue on environmental preservation and sustainability. Styrofoam and Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is the great selection in this researched. In Malaysia, there is an annual production of over 4 million tonnes of waste Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Oil Palm Shell (OPS) aggregate has a unit weight of 500-600 kg/m3and this is approximately 60% lighter compared to the conventional crushed stone aggregates Currently, there is also an increasing demand for low-priced houses in Malaysia and therefore Oil Palm Shell (OPS) can be used as an alternative to the conventional aggregates in fulfil this demand (D.C.L.TEO, 2006). The deportment of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete in a marine environment was also previously studied.PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGYHOW TO GET INFORMATIONThe education is categories to two categories which is primary data and secondary data. The inf ormation provides the very useful knowledge, experience and briefs our minds to chance on the aim and objective easily and success.Primary sources -ExperimentFor getting more information, the experimentations play the very importance and indispensable roles. Experiment can provide the accurate information and helpful for experiment to get the confirmation of the data. In order to get the correct data for experiment bring to successful, the standard of experiment method must be follow during the experiments. British standard is one of the useful standards to provide wide range information and also for international levels. The experiment of the concrete testing will prepare and doing at the Laboratory in Tunku Abdul Rahman College.Secondary sources -Literature reviewLiterature review is a secondary data source in the stage which is the information that has been gathered by researchers and recorded in books, obligates, and other publications. Basically, this stage is concern to rev iew all the getting information related to the lightweight concrete and interlocking sandwich block. For the relevant information, the source can get from conducted the reference book, newspaper, journal and website. Analysis and summarized the information after collect all the related data from research. Therefore, the data provide clear direction for achieve the objective and knowledgeable in this study.WHERE TO GET INFORMATIONBesides get the information from the website, article books, journals, and newspaper the experiment result also is one of the desire sources. The experiment can provide the experiment results, hypothesis of the objective and conclude answer for the study during the laboratory experiments testing. Lastly, get the actual life experience from supervisory program by conducted the interview and go though the site visit.WHAT TO GET INFORMATIONThe information can get is primary data when doing the experiment, and secondary data from website, article books, journal s, and newspaper and etc. All the data will use for summarized and analysis for the purpose of achieve the objective of study.LITERATURE REVIEWINTRODUCTION OF LITERLOCKING obstructSWHAT IS AN INTERLOCKING cover BLOCK?According to the (Sukri 2009) defined that interlocking hollow core concrete block that widely called interlocking block have tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The function of that tongue and groove is to restrain horizontal movement when laying the interlocking block on top of one another without the use of mortar joints to make the wall strong enough to carry loads from the upper floor or slab uniform to the conventional load bearing walls. The design of interlocking concrete block is the tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block, is that they offer keys, which interlock with another blocks. Therefore, interlocking block provides better jointing and enough strength to support the load bearing walls. The interlocking design techniques are very effective to solve the workmanship problem to ensure the installation of block works is under better quality. Besides, interlocking blocks are different from the conventional blocks since they no imply use mortar to jointing. Because of these characteristics, this is save time and no need hire high-skill histrions when doing the block work.OIL PALM SHELL concrete (OPSC)What is oil palm demolish concrete? These mean the concrete using oil palm shell as lightweight aggregate. (Abdullah 1984) was the first one to use Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as lightweight aggregate (LWA) in Malaysia and proved that complete replacement of normal weight aggregate (NWA) with Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is a possibility. Its state the oil palm shell as lightweight aggregate to substitute normal weight aggregate is possible and success techniques to make the lightweight concrete by alloying of the cement, sand, oil palm shell, and piss ing. According to (U. Johnson Alengaram 2010) historied for conducted further study on the using oil palm shell and found out that similar to normal weight concrete (NWC), pissing to cement (w/c) ratio affects the mechanical properties of palm kernel shell-aggregate concrete. The 28-day compressive strength of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete vary between 5 and 25 MPa based on mix design. Based on the researched, the water cement ratio is one of the importances key point to mix the oil palm shell concrete because of the water ratio will direct affect the strength of the concrete with mechanical properties. Commonly, the water to be use is 0.40 to 0.60 water/cement ratio but only 0.23 of the water is required for hydration and the extra water is for full hydration and compaction of the concrete.STYROFOAM coverFor the Styrofoam concrete, (M. H. Ahmad 2008) noted that From the point been mentioned supra we have to look for a possible lightweight concrete which is less water adsorptio n and hence less cement content and therefore levy its matrix characteristic. The voltage lightweight aggregates to be used as concrete component is Styrofoam. Styrofoam has hydrophobic characteristics, non-absorbent, good insulation properties and well-nighd cellular aggregates may have the potential to be developed as good commercial lightweight aggregates and Styrofoam concrete produced density in the range of 1297-1387 kg/m3. Commonly, the lightweight concrete requirements are including lightweight, strength, sound insulation, heat insulation, and water resistance. Based on that, Styrofoam is one of the better materials for lightweight concrete because of lightweight, and strength strong enough. Furthermore, due to Styrofoam is a hydrophobic characteristic, the water cement ratio is the main factor need to take more consideration when doing the concrete. Lastly, the Styrofoam concrete is light weight about 45% savings in total dead load of a structural member compared to conv entional concrete. Therefore, this is save the cost of foundation required more special or strong technique to support the load of the building.PROPERTIES OF THE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCKREQUIREMENT OF THE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCKThe interlocking concrete blocks have to provide the interest functions (John Straube 2006)SupportThe blocks as the external or internal walls need to enough strong to support the static load (dead load) or dynamic load (live load) of the load bearing or non-load bearing walls. These loads have to be properly supported, resisted, and transferred to the building foundation.ControlInterlocking blocks must be able to control mass, energy, and particulate flows both within and across the system. These include water, wind, air, smoke, odour, heat, light, noise, fire, blast, thief, birds, and insects.Finish (aesthetics)The finish function at the both of interior and exterior is the aesthetics of the finish surface, the visual, textural, and other fit the d esigner wishes to convey with the visible element of the system.Distribution of improvementThis function is related to the distribution of service done a building, both within a single element, and also multiple elements. Services like pipes, cables may run through envelope element as to provide services to the area close by.TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKNowadays, concrete block have create varies designs and difference strength since they are varies types, so according (Michael Gage and Tom Krikbride 1980) notes that, with continues improvement in quality and design of concrete blocks and their wider range of applications, BS 20281953 and BS 13641947 have been repeatedly revised and amended. Now, the two standards have been incorporated in one mutation BS 2028, 13641968 Precast Concrete Blocks. This is publication gives new defined for the block and specifies new strength categories and test procedures. The distinction between type A, B and C concrete block, is based on the block densi ty which is calculate by weight of the block by the overall volume (include holes and cavities). See table 1.CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE AFor the type A concrete block, generally is used in the building including use below ground level damp-proof course. The concrete block must be of dense concrete or one of the denser lightweight aggregates.CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE BFor the type B concrete block, generally is used in the building including use below ground level damp-proof course in internal walls, and the inner leaf of external stone walls. The concrete block must be of dense concrete or one of the denser lightweight aggregates. Normally, should be solid hollow or cellular block made with dense aggregate and average compressive strength not less than 7.0 N/mm2.CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE CFor the type c concrete block, generally is used in the building which is non load bearing walls such as the partitions and panels in framed construction. The purpose just for building insulation, finish (aesthet ics) and service (privacy) but no for supporting the building load.FACTORS AFFECT THE STRENGTH OF BLOCKThe common defects arising from the production process which will affect the strength of the concrete block such as the defects of size, defects of shape, defects of body, and defects of appearance. deformity OF SIZEFor the defects of the size, generally defects are oversized and undersized of concrete block caused by pool material preparation, and faulty mould. The wall will uneven due to the blocks size is not uniform to do the structure bond. This will affect structure load cannot transfer properly of the wall.DEFECT OF SHAPEDefect of shape, is the shape which is difference with the actual accurate shape to propose. Normally causes the misshapen of block are the poor preparation of the mould, faults of stacking, rough manipulation and uneven drying.DEFECT OF BODYCommon defect of the body is faults in the raw material body can make the defect happen such as cracking, bloating an d laminations. This kind of defect will make the block breaking easily with the gap on the surface.DEFECT OF APPEARANCEThe defect of the appearance is the surfaces of the block have a bubble or the honey comb shape. Honey comb is a void on the exterior of a concrete face. When the concrete is not vibrated properly during installation, honeycomb will form. This is a serious flaw, since reducing the strength of block.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INTERLOCKING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKADVANTAGES OF INTERLOCKING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKAccording to researched (Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, lightweight concrete lower dead load Saving in the structural can be achieved due to the reduced dead load, particularly for longer span bridges. Lightweight concrete is light in weight than convention concrete weight therefore reduced the dead load of the concrete for the building for supporting and transfer the load.(Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, these savings can also be reflected in the cost of foundations (particularly where pilings are required), and in formwork and false-work requirements. The lighter weight also results in savings in the handling and transportation of materials, and pre-cast elements, etc. The lighter weight can permit the use of longer spans with a consequent reduction in the number of supports required. Lightweight concrete usually will be using the recycle material as lightweight aggregate to replace the normal weight aggregate since which to save the cost of the material and environment. Besides, the concrete blocks are lightweight and precast, therefore they is results in savings in the handling and transportation of materials, and pre-cast elements.According to the interlocking lightweight concrete block advantages (Bankole-Ojo 2008) noted that, hollow interlocking lightweight concrete block, compared to hollow concrete blocks, is that they offer keys, which interlock in the other blocks. Thus these walls offer more resistance to shear and bui ldings would be even stronger. The interlocking block provides the shapes of tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The advantage of this technique is provides the better jointing with another block with accurate horizontal alignment when doing block work.Without the need for high-waged skilled masons (except for the base course), by saving cement (less mortar) and with the speed of construction, the building costs are lower than for standard masonry construction. The interlocking concrete blocks are no need skill worker to installation because the interlocking design technique provides general worker easy and convenience to install the block works with better alignment and jointing. excess costs are saved by building load bearing walls, instead of infill walls between structural frameworks.DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKAccording to researched (Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, the disadvantages is Reduce resistance to locall y concentrated loads as they occur at pre-stressing anchorages or bearings, hence increased confining reinforcement is required, lightweight concrete is more brittle because of high strength cement paste. The lightweight concrete need to provide more reinforcement to solve the concrete strength problem because the concrete weaker when load is concentrated. The lightweight concrete is using the high strength cement paste. Therefore this is brittle easily.The interlocking concrete blocks are no need skill worker to installation because the interlocking design technique provides general worker easy and convenience to install the block works. provided clam up need to provide certain amount of training is required to ensure that the walls are properly aligned and no gaps are left. Because the technique is still considered new to worker compare to conventional block works. Besides, interlocking block is better in jointing and alignment but the joints are not entirely resistant to wind a nd rain penetration, therefore, plastering the interior wall surfaces is usually necessary.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYINTRODUCTIONThe research methodology that will conduct for my project dissertation is laboratory experiment material testing and application. The project dissertation is carried out at the Tunku Abdul Rahman College laboratory.OIL PALM SHELL CONCRTEOil palm shell concrete is mixing of cement, sand, aggregates and water. But the aggregate to be use is oil palm shell to substitute normal weight aggregate. Based on (Abdullah 1984) was the first one to use Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as lightweight aggregate (LWA) in Malaysia and proved that complete replacement of normal weight aggregate (NWA) with Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is a possibility. The oil palm shell as lightweight concrete is possible and successfully to proven that can use for the building envelop. In Malaysia, there is an annual production of over 4 million tonnes of waste Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Therefore oil palm shell is ver y common material that can be easy get from everywhere, huge amount and cheaper. For this project dissertation, that will to do the comparison of strength and density between oil palm shell lightweight concrete (OPSLC) and normal weight concrete (NWC).PROCEDURE TO CAST OIL PALM SHELL CONCRTEThe constituents of oil palm shell concrete to be use include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), oil palm shell, sand and water. Usually the oil palm shell surface is still coating with some oil, therefore pre-treatment to remove the surface oil is necessary. The methods to be use include natural weathering, boiling in water, washing with detergent. After take away the oil palm shell surface oil, the selected aggregate size will be done by sieve analysis. For the recommended from researched, the size of aggregate which passing through the 12.5mm sieve and retained on the 4.75mm sieve was used. For the experiment, oil palm shell concrete mixing ratio will be proposed such as 112, 113 and 114 (cement sand ops aggregate).STYROFOAM CONCRETEStyrofoam concrete is mixing of cement, sand, styrofoam s and water. The Styrofoam will be use to substitute normal weight aggregate. Based on, (M. H. Ahmad 2008) noted that, he said the styrofoam is hydrophobic characteristics, non-absorbent, good insulation properties and closed cellular aggregates may have the potential to be developed as good commercial lightweight aggregates. But the problem of mixing Styrofoam concrete is water/cement ratio because of styrofoam is hydrophobic characteristics, and non-absorbent. Therefore the water cement ratio to be use is less than conventional concrete mixing method. Due to these characteristic, Styrofoam is very difficult to mix with cement and sand. Therefore, from the researched reign out the additional of the adhesive material can increase the plasticiser of the concrete and solve this kind of the problem.PROCEDUCE TO CAST STYROFOAM CONCRETEThe constituents of Styrofoam concrete to be use include O rdinary Portland Cement (OPC), Styrofoam, sand and water. The size of the Styrofoam to use is approximate 3mm to 5mm which is Styrofoam beads. Due to Styrofoam is a hydrophobic characteristic since they are no absorber of water, therefore the water/cement ratio is less than conventional concrete required. Besides, the compaction of the Styrofoam concrete for experiment cube is by using vibration machines or hand compaction. The compaction of the Styrofoam concrete cannot by using tamping rod because of the Styrofoam will damage the Styrofoam components. From the researched, the recommend water cement ratio to be for Styrofoam concrete is 400 to 500ml.DENSITYLightweight concrete is a concrete which is light by using the lightweight materials to replace the conventional materials. Therefore, the density of the lightweight concrete is depended on the material to be use. The different type of the lightweight materials will determine the different densities. Lastly, the density of the li ghtweight materials is importance to the concrete because the density of the concrete will affect the strength of the concrete. Referred to the Neville (1995), commonly the density lightweight aggregate material is range between 300 to 1850 kg/m3. The calculation the density is based on weight and size of the concrete. The method and formula to determine the density of the lightweight concrete will show in the appendix 1.COMPRESSION STRENGTHCompressive strength is one if the primary properties to ensure the strength of the concrete. They are many ways to test the compressive strength of the concrete which include destructive and non destructive tests. From the project dissertation, the method to be use for the lightweight aggregate concrete is destructive test which is cube test. The reason of choosing this method is accuracy, easy and convenient due to the size of cube is small. Furthermore, it is used as the standard method of measure compressive strength for the quality control p urposes (Neville, 1994). The procedure of compressive strength test will show in the appendix 2.MAKING OF PROTOTYPE-INTERLOCKING BLOCKFor this stage, the oil palm shell concrete and Styrofoam concrete as the lightweight aggregate concrete to produce interlocking blocks. The type of concrete block design is hollow concrete block which is has one or more large cavities which pass through the block. The purpose of hollow concrete block is to reduce the weight of the concrete block and provide a hole at the middle for allow reinforcement steel bar pass through it.

The elementary forms of religious life

The elementary body-builds of ghostly lifeThe elementary course of studys of spectral lifeIntroduction through and through his deprecative look at the intimately primitive religion, his epistemological inquiries into the genesis of thought, and his attempt to theoretically account for the functional and universal nature of all religions, The Elementary Forms of phantasmal intent has proven to be a seminal work both in the academic study of religion, sociology and complaisant surmisal. Arguing ultimately that religion is the emblematic expression of society and social put through, Durkheim revolutionized the academic study of religion with his original and insightful approach.1 I will begin with a brief recap of the debate laid out in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, which will be followed by a demonstrateion of the implications it has on the study of religion. Finally, I will discuss some of the major critiques of his theoretical approach and argument.Argument Du rkheim believes that in order to explicate religion, we must(prenominal) identify its most primitive form (3). The fundamental elements which are found in primitive religion are closer and more related to the initial motives that caused spectral actions (9). These elements provide the objective content through which we plenty understand all religions (7). Religion is defined as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart by prohibitions-beliefs and practices that unite adherents to a single moral community called a church (46). The most elementary form must satisfy this definition.For Durkheim, the two leading conceptions of the most elementary form of religion were animism and naturism. They attempt to explain what causes man to knowledge the sacred. Animism claims man experiences the sacred because of the misinterpretation of his dreams. This misinterpretation generates the notion of souls that are part of a separate earth (61). Naturism claims man feels a sacred authenticity because of the extraordinariness of natural phenomena (68). These theories suggest that mans idea of the sacred is a delirious interpretation because there is nothing inherently sacred about man or nature (76). However, it is a elementary postulate of sociology that a human race institution stopnot rest on error or falsehood or it could not endure (4). This means that any conception of an elementary religion must account for the sacred as a real disembowel. Durkheim goes on to assert that there must be a religion even more primitive then animism and naturism which is able to explain where the squash of the sacred actually comes from. This religion is totemism (77).Totemism is most evidently found in primitive Australian tribes. The most important feature of these tribes is their division into classs (88). Each clan has a totem, which is its distinguishing feature. The totem is represented in the form of a plant or a nimal to which the clan has a special relationship. This totem, which is the identity of the clan, also has a religious character because of its prominent use in religious ceremonies (96). This totem is central to the clan because things are classified as sacred and profane in relation to the totems religious character (96).The negative cult of totemism uses prohibitions and taboos regarding the totem to keep the sacred and profane separate (221). For instance, there are prohibitions on eating the totemic animal except during religious rituals. Also, women and uninitiated are prevented from coming into contact with sacred objects. These prohibitions are necessary because of the contagiousness of the sacred (237). Sacred objects are contagious because they confer sacrality to the things they touch. This suggests that some type of force resides in sacred objects. This force, or mana, was the object of the clans worship, not the animal or plant of the clan (147).The positive cult of to temism uses ritual to put man in organized contact with this sacred force (221). In these rituals clan members gather together in large numbers. This is in contrast to the ordinary and monotonous experience the clan member has in which he exists more or less independently from others. When all the clan members come together their proximity generates a form of electricity that quickly transports them to an extraordinary degree of exaltation (162). This embodied effervescence takes man outside himself to the point that he feels he has been transported into a special initiation entirely different from the ordinary (164). When he calms down from this excitement he is left to believe that he exists in two completely separate realities his fooling life and his religious life (164). These two realities are essentially the profane and the sacred respectively. To understand how this collective effervescence gets its power we must understand the look in which the categories of knowledge are constructed by society.For Durkheim, angiotensin-converting enzyme leading theory of knowledge was empiricism which claims man constructs the categories of knowledge of time, space, genus, cause, number (etc.) exclusively from his individualist experience (15). This is not valid because it does not explain how people from the same culture have identical notions of time and space, etc. The second leading theory, apriorism, solves this problem by claiming man inherits the categories of knowledge from a divine reason existing prior to his experience (16). There is no proof this divine reason exists. Moreover, it does not explain why the categories of thought vary inside cultures. This implies, for Durkheim, that man gets his categories from society (13). Further evidence suggests this is the basic category of knowledge. Genus, the notion that similar objects belong to the same group, john be modeled from mans experience of his relationship to society. After all, a genus is indee d an ideal yet clearly defined grouping of things with internal bonds analogous to the bonds of phylogenetic relation (114). There were as many divisions of space as there were divisions of clans within the tribe (13). In addition, man had a sense the clans were all interdependent and make a unified whole the tribe. It is this reason why mans classifications represented a complete set of categories through which everything could be accounted. The categories of knowledge are the most basic types of collective representations and are informed by the collection of individual representations. However, when these individual representations are translated into collective representations they take on a new character way out from personal to impersonal. These collective representations outlive the individuals which contributed to them and gain a high degree of depth and building complexity. They form a framework for reason that is infinitely richer and more complex then that of the indi vidual and goes beyond the range of empirical knowledge (18). These categories establish the reality of society that is sui generis, or completely eccentric.Man is unable to think without utilise the concepts he inherits from his society. This means man naturally transcends himself when he thinks and when he acts. He elevates himself beyond his individual experience and into the collective reality of society. When man feels the sacred from the collective effervescence it is this social reality he experiences. It is his feeling of being part of something strikinger than himself. When man feels this force he is unable to attribute a cover cause, so he represents it externally through objects which he considers sacred. These sacred objects are at the heart of religion and ultimately express society.Implications and CritiqueEssential to Durkheims theory is the dichotomy between the sacred and profane and how the practices relating to his religious categories effect the social world. Of further importance is his argument that (contrary to other theories of religion that argue it being come to around magic, superstition or a philosophical error) religion is a real social fact. As such, he arguesOur entire study rests upon the postulate that this whole feeling of believers across time flocknot be purely illusory we admit that these religious beliefs rest upon a specific experience whose demonstrative value is, in one sense, not one bit inferior to that of scientific experiments, though different from them (312).In regards to the elementary religion Durkheim studies, he concludes that it is the religious activity that allows individuals within the tribe to understand themselves as collective. Further, it is the religious activity that serves to symbolize the social order with the totemic figure as an objective representation of their own society. Through the conscious repetition of various myths and rituals, a real sense of social unity and collective sentiment s for tribal members was fostered (through the collective effervescence). This, in turn, works to strengthen and continually reestablish the social connections within the group.As an institution, understanding religion as having the authority to both command and garner compliance and awe is a unique concept in and of itself. Understanding religion as the symbolic expression of society is an original and path-breaking idea that has deeply influenced several academic fields and the education of scholarly thought. As religion is a social fact, the objective entity behind religious symbolism and ritual can thus be understood as society (and not God). While I will return to this point, one must note that this idea would be intensely controversial for the religionist, as it implies that the individual participating in rituals is (at the very root) mistaken with regards to the objective phenomenon he is worshiping.When considering what Durkheim has done for the theoretical approach to def ining and explaining religion, we can see his original approach to the social nature of religion as most telling. Before Durkheim, theoretical approaches to religion principal(prenominal)ly focused on the individual and his understanding and philosophy of life or the interpretation of his reality (such as that of Otto, James or other phenomenologists). Durkheims work further shed light on the social role religion plays in organizing societies. By claiming that religions (a)ll are true in their own fashion and all answer though in different ways to the given condition of human existence Durkheim steered clear of questions of absolute truth (and theistic definition) which is ultimately beneficial for those interested in the comparative study of religion.While Durkheims theory has been one of the most influential in the study of religion, it has been susceptible to various criticisms. For instance, while he worked to counteract previous theories and positivistic approaches to religion , one can see such elements in his own definition. If Durkheim is indeed right, then the individual participants in rituals and religious ceremonies are mistaken, since the actual object of worship is something other than they are aware of. If we listen to Durkheim, we must believe that his scientific methods (and his particular methodology/theoretical approach) is on a higher plan with regards to accuracy, as it his methods which clarify the actual object of worship for the believer. Thus, the main theory of Durkheim has been attacked by those who believe he is reducing religion to something other than it is by claiming that it is the symbolic expression of society.This criticism inevitably leads to ones that are aimed at struggle Durkheims neglect for the subjective value of religious experience. In Durkheims theoretical view, the individual subjective experiences with sacred reality is only important with regards to its social utility (with respect to the feelings the collective effervescence engenders). This type of approach is in direct opposition to a theorist like Otto or James.With regards to his evidence for the most primitive form of religion (and his general belief that one could understand a complex phenomenon by finding and examining the phenomenon in its simplest form) is also quite questionable. As illustrated by the analyses of Clifford Geertz, one must note that it is difficult enough to interpret ethnographic findings when one is deeply immersed in the society. Since Durkheim himself did not participate in the ethnographic study (and neer actually witnessed the culture), suspicious immediately rises (particularly as his argument hinges on the material). In The Interpretation of Cultures, Geertz statesThe notion that one can find the essence of national societies, civilizations, great religions, or whatever summed up and simplified in so-called typical small towns and villages is palpable nonsense. What one finds in small towns and villages is (alas) small-town or village life. If localized, microscopic studies were really dependent for their greater relevance upon such a premise -that they captured the great world in the little- they wouldnt have any relevance (Geertz, 1973).The representations of religion can be seen as collective representations expressing a collective reality. Durkheimian thought points to the social nature of religion.While there are some criticisms, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life has proven to be immensely influential, both with regards to the theory of religion as well as a variety of other fields.In Geertzian terminology, then, one can see that Durkheim may be imposing his own contextual period (culture, history, scientific method) wrongly. How is Durkheim interpreting this evidence and is he correcting them with regards to his more advanced worldview?Conclusion1 If religion generated everything that is essential in society, this is because the idea of society is the soul of religion.